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Karteikarten

Memory

Safia Brennen Psychology A level Englisch 59 Karten

Karten in diesem Stapel (59)

  1. 1What are the 3 features of memory?Coding
    Capacity
    Duration
  2. 2What is coding?The format in which information is stored
  3. 3What is capacity?The amount of information that can be held
  4. 4What is duration?The amount of time information can be held
  5. 5What is the capacity of STM?7 =/- 2 (5-9)
  6. 6Who conducted research on the capacity of the STM?Jacobs
  7. 7What did Jacobs do?Digit span test- The teacher would read a sequence and the participant had to say it back, if they got it right, they'd add a digit/letter until they couldn't do it-
  8. 8What did Jacobs find?The mean for digits was 9.3 and for letters was 7.3
  9. 9Limitation of JacobsLacks validity- was conducted a long time ago and early research wouldn't have been very controlled meaning there were probably confounding varables
  10. 10What is the capacity of the LTM?Unlimited
  11. 11What is the duration of the STM?between 18 and 30 seconds
  12. 12Who carried out research on the duration of the STM?Peterson and Peterson
  13. 13What did Peterson and Peterson do?They were given a constant syllable and then had to count down from a 3 digit number to prevent any rehearsal- each time they had to stop and give the constant syllable after a different amount of time (3,6,9,12,15 and 18 seconds)
  14. 14What did Peterson and Peterson find?The longer they had to ount for, the worse their recall was showing without rehearsal, the duration of STM is very short
  15. 15Limitation of Peterson and PetersonArtificial stimuli- Doesn't reflect any real life activities so it's meaningful and therefore lacks external validity
  16. 16What is the duration of the LTM?Up to a lifetime
  17. 17Who conducted research on the duration of the LTM?Bahrick
  18. 18What did Bahrick do?392 students between 17 and 74- recall was tested from yearbooks of them with either facial recognition or free recall of their class
  19. 19What did Bahrick find?Those who were tested within 15 years of leaving were 90% accurate in photo recognition and those tested after 48 years, it went down to 70%.
    After 15 years, free recall was 60% accurate and after 48 it was only 30% accurate showing the LTM does last a very long time
  20. 20Strength of BahrickHigh external validity- real life stimuli was tested HOWEVER, confounding variables such as friends and looking over pictures can't be controlled
  21. 21How is STM coded?Acoustically (sounds)
  22. 22How is LTM coded?Semantic (with a meaning)
  23. 23Who conducted research on coding?Baddeley
  24. 24What did Baddeley do?Participants in 4 groups were given 4 groups of different words (acoustically similar, semantically similar, acoustically dissimilar and semantically dissimilar)
    They had to recall the words in the same order
  25. 25What did Baddeley find?After a short amount of time they did worse with acoustically similar and after a long period of time, they did worse with semantically similar words
  26. 26Limitation of BaddeleyArtificial stimuli- is meaningful in our daily lives so can't be generalised too much- has limited application
  27. 27Who proposed the Multi-store model of memory? (MSM)Atkinson and Shiffrin
  28. 28What is the multi store model?Stimulus---> Sensory register--->STM
    with prolonged rehearsal it goes to the LTM and with retrieval it can come back to STM.
  29. 29What are the 2 parts of the sensory register?Iconic and echoic memory
  30. 30What is the difference between Iconic and Echoic memory?Iconic is for visual information and Echoic is for acoustic information
  31. 31What is the capacity and duration of the sensory register?Capacity= unlimited
    Duration= a few seconds UNLESS paid attention to
  32. 32Strength of the MSMSupporting research- Baddeley shows STM and LTM code differently supporting the fact they are both separate
  33. 33Limitation of the MSMStates there's only one type of STM- KF Shows this isn't true- he couldn't remember anything when reading aloud to people but could when reading to himself- there must be at least 2 types
  34. 34What are the 3 types of LTM?Episodic
    Procedural
    Semantic
  35. 35What is episodic memory?Memories of personal events in our lives
  36. 36What is semantic memory?Our knowledge of the world, facts and what concepts mean
  37. 37What is procedural memory?Our knowledge of how to do things we've learnt
  38. 38Who proposed the idea of having more than one type of LTM?Tulving
  39. 39Strength of types of LTMReal life application- Things such as cognitive impairment only affect episodic memory and this has allowed us to be able to treat it more specifically
  40. 40Limitation of types of LTMCohen and Squire disagree- they argue that semantic and episodic memories are together in declarative memory and shouldn't be separated as they're both conscious memories
  41. 41What is the working memory model (WMM)?An explanation of how STM works and is organised
  42. 42What is the role of the central executive?Monitors all information, makes the decisions and allocated tasks to each system
  43. 43What is the role of the phonological loop?Deals with auditory info and preserves the order it comes in
  44. 44What are the 2 subsystems of the phonological loop?Phonological store (stores the words you hear)
    Articulatory process (allow maintenance rehearsal to keep memories)
  45. 45What does the visuo-spatial sketchpad do?Processes visual and spatial information.
    Controls the 'inner eye'
  46. 46What does the episodic buffer do?Brings together everything from all subsystems into one single memory.
    'bridge' between working memory and LTM
  47. 47Strength of the WMMSupport- patient KF- brain damaged but could process visual info normally- suggest only his phonological loop was damaged- supports the idea of these different subsystems
  48. 48Limitation of WMMLack of clarity over central executive- some believe it has its own sub sections- isn't a full explanation
  49. 49What are the 2 explanations for forgetting?Interference and retrieval failure
  50. 50What is interference?When you forget something because it's been blocked by another memory causing one or both to be distorted or forgotten
  51. 51What are the 2 types of interference?Proactive and retroactive
  52. 52What is proactive interference?When an older memory disrupts the ability to recall newer ones
  53. 53What is retroactive interference?When a new memory effects the ability to recall an older one
  54. 54Who conducted the effects of similarity study for interference?McDonald and McGeoch
  55. 55What did McDonald and McGeoch do?Participants had to learn sets of words until they knew them completely accurately and then learnt a second list. categories- synonyms, antonyms, unrelated, constant syllables, 3 digit numbers and the same list
  56. 56What did McDonald and McGeoch find?The synonyms produced the worst recall showing interference is stronger when memories are similar
  57. 57Strength of interferenceLab studies support- well conducted reliable studies support the idea of interference as a way of forgetting showing it's a valid explanation
  58. 58Limitation of interferenceArtificial material- we don't necessarily need to remember lists of words it tends to be things more like names and faces- interference may not be as likely in real life
  59. 59What is retrieval failure?Forgetting because we don't have the appropriate cues to trigger the memories

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A level Psychology (Memory) Karteikarten am Memory, erstellt von Safia Brennen am 10/05/2019.
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