Karteikarten
unit 3 topic 3
Karten in diesem Stapel (47)
- 1encodingthe process of putting information into a form that will allow it to fit with your personal storage system
- 2storagemaintaining encoded information in a memory store
- 3retrievalthe process of getting information back from long-term memory to be used in working memory
- 4multi-store model of memorysuggests that memory is comprised of three memory stores: a sensory store, a short term memory store and a long term memory store
- 5sensory memorya store for incoming, fleeting sensory information (seeing and hearing)
duration: 0.2 seconds - 6iconic memorya sensory register for the fleeting storage of visual information
lasts about 0.3 seconds and explains why we can see a moving picture from a series of still photos
capacity: unlimited - 7echoic memoryauditory memory in the sensory memory register
lasts about 3-4 seconds
capacity: unlimited - 8short term memorya store that receives information from the long-term and sensory stores
limited capacity of 5-9 pieces of information
duration of 12-30 seconds - 9maintenance rehearsala strategy for keeping information in short-term memory or for moving it into long-term memory by simply repeating information over and over
- 10long term memorythe information is encoded and stored and as long as you know enough about the information the information can be retrieved
- 11semantic networksthe idea that items in long term memory are stored in a hierarchical pattern of nodes with links between related nodes
- 12retrieval cuesmental reminders or prompts that we create to assist our recollection later on
- 13procedural memoryone aspect of implicit memory; duration of performing particular tasks, skills or actions
- 14declarative memorya long term memory store of personal experiences (episodic) and facts (semantic)
- 15implicit memorymemories of skills, emotions, preferences and dispositions; procedural or non-declarative memories; processed in the amygdala and possibly the cerebellum
- 16semantic memorymemory for facts or general knowledge
- 17episodic memorylong term memories of episodes or experiences in your life
- 18explicit memorymemories of facts, names, images and events; also called declarative memories
- 19long term memory diagram
- 20working model of memory
- 21working memorythe mental work that is occurring at any given time, including retrieving information, problem solving and comprehending sounds and visions; draws on information from sensory and long term memories (episodic buffer does this bit)
- 22phonological loopa storage system for auditory info in working memory
- 23visuospatial sketchpadthe storage system for visual information in working memory
- 24central executivethe functional component of working memory that is responsible for switching attention from task to task, deciding what material is to be retrieved from or committed to long term memory and for performing calculations and making linkages
- 25episodic buffera theoretical component of working memory that acts as a both a bridge and a filter (for auditory and visual information) between long term memory and the central executive and storage components in working memory
- 26the levels of processing (LOP) model of memorya model of memory that suggests that memory comprises a continuous dimension in which memory is encoded related to the ease with which it cane be retrieved: the deeper the processing of information, the greater the chance of it being retrieved
- 27brain structures and memory: Hippocampus? Cerebral cortex? Cerebellum? Amygdala? Basal ganglia?Hippocampus – declarative memory (explicit)
Cerebral cortex – STM and declarative memory
Cerebellum – procedural or implicit memory
Amygdala – explicit memory
Basal ganglia – procedural memory - 28frontal lobe? occipital lobe? parietal lobe? temporal lobe?frontal lobe - storage, processing, encoding of procedural memories, episodic memory (declarative), language, motor-skills
occipital lobe - pictures
parietal lobe - spatial memory (awareness)
temporal lobe - sound, names of colours - 29role of hippocampus in memoryestablish background context, location, situation, forms explicit memory, encoding and storage of declarative then transferred to cerebral cortex, consolidation (permanent)
- 30role of cerebellum in memorymotor skills, motor cortex, procedural memories are encoded, processed and stored in the putamen, caudate nucleus and motor cortex in the frontal lobes of the cerebrum
- 31procedural memoryimplicit (unconscious) and long term memory that helps you perform a task without conscious awareness of previous experience
- 32recall free recall serial recall cued recallrecall: retrieval of stored information using minimal cues
free recall: retrieve info in any order
serial recall: recall info in order presented
cued recall: prompts to assist retrieval process - 33recognition relearning least to most sensitiverecognition: requires identification of a correct response from a set of alternatives
relearning: learning again something that has already been committed to memory, the most sensitive measure of retention
Least sensitive --> free recall --> cued recall --> recognition --> relearning --> most sensitive - 34encoding specificity principlethe associations formed at the time of encoding new memories will be most effective retrieval cues
- 35context-dependent cuesassist retrieval from long-term memory due to the external environment in which learning took place
- 36state-dependent cuescues to assist retrieval from long term memory due to the internal environment (mood-state or physical condition) in which learning took place
- 37retrieval failureinability to retrieve material due to an absence of the right cues or a failure to use them
- 38interference theorySuggests that information in long term memory may become confused or combined with other information during encoding thus distorting or disrupting memories
- 39proactive interferencewhen previously learnt material inhibits our ability to encode and store new material
- 40retroactive interferencewhen newly acquired material inhibits our ability to retrieve previously learnt material
- 41improving memory - chunkingthe process of grouping items together to improve memory capacity – especially short-term memory – as a means of committing to long-term memory
- 42elaborative rehearsala process by which we give meaning to info and link it to other info in our memories
- 43mnemonics method of locia strategy or method that can be used to improve or strengthen memory
a mnemonic that focuses on visualisation to strengthen memory - 44SQ4R methoda mnemonic that involves six steps: survey, question, read, recite, relate and review to help learning and retention
- 45Grant et al (mandatory prac)does context in terms of learning effect context in terms of examination - consistent study and exam conditions (quiet vs noisy)
focus: like/different study/test conditions and impact on memory (recall) - 46findings of grant et al experimentlike exam/study conditions lead to enhanced recall and performance
- 47TOT - tip of the tongue phenomenonthe feeling that something we know is just not available to be recalled from memory; an indication that some forgetting is due to retrieval failure
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- Year 12 Psychology Karteikarten am unit 3 topic 3, erstellt von Isla Jenkins am 03/08/2020.
- Erstellt von
- Isla Jenkins
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