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Dealing with ethical issues (humans)
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- 1How can participants be protected from physical and psychological harm?One ethical issue is protecting participants from physical and psychological harm and this can only be done if they have to right to withdraw at any time. Their right should be explained to them during their briefing.
- 2Why do participants have to be debriefed and how is Milgram's (1963) research relevant to this?Also, to ensure that they leave the study with the same mindset that they came in with they need to be debriefed after the study – Milgram (1963) was one of the first to fully debrief participants after his obedience study
- 3What does the feedback gained by Milgram (1963) suggest?Based on the participant feedback (84% were glad to have take part in the study) clearly the majority weren’t psychologically harmed.
- 4What's an issue with the debriefing?However, debriefing doesn’t undo or justify the psychological/physical harm sustained by the 2% that were very sorry to take part.
- 5What's an issue with gaining fully informed consent?Another essential in a psychological study is to gain informed consent from participants. It’s obviously going to lower internal validity if fully informed consent is gained at the start of the study due to demand characteristics.
- 6What's another way of gaining consent and how did Milgram (1963) do this?However, there are other ways of gaining consent – Milgram (1963) for instance gained presumptive consent where he surveyed 14 Yale Psychology students before the study who believed no one would obey to 450 volts and therefore the participants wouldn’t expose themselves to any stress or harm but they were wrong.
- 7How may this type of consent not be as effective as fully informed consent?Therefore sometimes presumptive consent isn't as effective as fully informed consent as the focus group's views aren’t guaranteed to reflect actual participants’ behaviour.
- 8How are individual differences an issue?Also there are individual differences in what would be regarded as appropriate and inappropriate in a study
- 9What do ethical committees do?Ethical committees could also get involved – they carry out a cost-benefit analysis where the ethical disadvantages of the study are weighed up against the benefits to science of the study.
- 10What benefit does this have to the researcher?It’s the best way to ensure that the researcher gains an objective insight into ethical problems in their study.
- 11Why is the utilitarian view subjective?However the utilitarian principle used in costs benefits analyses is subjective as it’s difficult to objectively quantify decisions about how much someone benefits and the associated costs
- 12How is the difficulty of judging costs and benefits illustrated by the case study of Genie Curtiss (1977)?For example the case study of Genie Curtiss (1977) stopped early due to conflict between beneficial research and the welfare of Genie, which eventually had to be settled in court. This clearly shows the difficulty of judging the costs and benefits of research.
- 13What do ethical guidelines enable?Ethical guidelines set by the APA, BPS, CPA etc. enable participants’ confidentiality and privacy to be maintained by standardising what can and can’t be done by psychologists on a larger scale.
- 14What does BPS (2009) state?For instance BPS (2009) code of conduct states that respect, competency, integrity and responsibility should be at the core of psychological research.
- 15What's an issue with these guidelines?But, it’s impossible to have a definitive list of all possible moral issues that could occur on every piece of research.
- 16What happens if a psychologist is caught breaching the guidelines?On the other hand if the psychologist is caught breaching guidelines the professional body may punish them – e.g. Paul Cameron (1983) was excluded from the APA for deliberately misinterpreting data from research to support his anti-gay theories.
- 17Despite the loopholes, what do the guidelines enable?Therefore, despite the loopholes in guidelines, this form of sanctioning enables most ethical principles to be maintained on a large scale.
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- A-Level psychology A2 (PY3 essays) Karteikarten am Dealing with ethical issues (humans), erstellt von kiruthicka am 29/05/2015.
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