Karteikarten
Parasite -genus
Karten in diesem Stapel (58)
- 1StrongyloidesClass: Nematoda, Order: Rhadbita
Threadworms, parthenogenetic females
Diagnostics: small eggs or L1 in faeces
Small intestine mucosa
Transmission: eaten/skin penetration (L3s)
Usually asymptomatic, chronic disease difficult to eliminate
Pre-patent period 5-7 days, migration
Alteration of parasitic and free-living generations - 2Strongylus, cyathostomes, TriodontophorusClass: Nematodes, Order: strongylidia, super-family: Strongyloidea
Important GIT parasites of horses
Differentiated by buccal capsule
Large intestine
Diagnosis: typical strongyle eggs in faeces - large, thin shelled unembryonated
Direct - ingestion of L3s, migration
Usually in mixed infections - adults suck blood cause irriation in large intestine and anaemia, (diarrhoea)
L1s hatch in enviro (24 hrs) --> L2 --> L3 - 3OesophagostomumClass: Nematodes, Order: strongylidia, super-family: Strongyloidea
Particularly important in sheep (cattle)
Cervical groove, buccal capsule
In previously sensitized hosts can cause significant disease
Adults are plug feeders
Larval stages most significant - formation of nodules of small & large intestine
Diagnosis: characteristic thin-shelled unembryonated eggs in faeces
L1 develop in enviro (24 hrs)
Develop to L3 in soil (6-7 days)
Transmission via ingestion of L3s
Pre-patent period approx 7 weeks - 4ChabertiaClass: Nematodes, Order: strongylidia, super-family: Strongyloidea
Same as Oesophagostomum plus
Little significance in cattle
In sheep larval stages may cause petechial haemorrhages in wall of colon
Adults firmly attach to mucosa --> severe haemorrhagic colitis
heavy infections: mucoid & blood stained diarrhoea - 5StephanurusClass: Nematodes, Order: strongylidia, super-family: Strongyloidea
Kidney worm - pigs
Buccal capsule thick walled and cup shaped with 6 teeth at base
Eggs passed in urine - large, thin-shelled unemrbyonated eggs
Usually not pathogenic - may effect liver causing acute inflammatory reaction, abscess and cirrhosis
Eggs hatch within 24 hours
L3s develop in enviro
Transmission: L3s eaten to skin penetration
Earth worm P.H
Variable pre-patent period (6 months)
Greatest important in free-ranging pigs
Infections rare in pigs <2 years (sent to slaughter before clinical signs) - 6TrichostrongylusClass: Nematodes, Order: strongylidia, super-family: Trichostrongyloides
Black scour worm
Several spp, mainly affect sheep
Prominent excretory pore
Diagnosis: eggs in faeces, large thin-shelled unembryonated
More common in winter rainfall areas
Cause villus atrophy lesions --> loss of absorptive SA in mucosa (leakage and protein loss)
Chronic wasting and anorexia
Usually chronic condition
L1 hatch in enviro (24 hours)
Develop to L3 in dung o r soil (5-7 days)
L3 resistant (enclosed in sheath)
L4 emerge after day 10
Pre-patent period 3 weeks
Resistance to drugs increasing - 7HaemonchusClass: Nematodes, Order: strongylidia, super-family: Trichostrongyloides
Barber's pole worm
Abomasum
Males red in colour, females have white ovaries wound around red intestines
Small buccal capsule with dorsal tooth
Fragile in environment
Very high fecundity
Adults and L4 are blood suckers -> anaemia
In some cases sudden death
Serum proteins lost causing oedema (bottle-jaw) mainly in sheep
Severe diarrhoea
Requires temp above 26 degC
Diagnosis: eggs in faeces, large thin-shelled unembryonated
Prepatent period 4 weeks
Resistance to drugs increasing - 8AncylostomaClass: Nematodes, Order: strongylidia, super-family: Ancylostoma
Hook worm - firmly attaches to mucosa of small intestine
Deep buccal capsule with 3 pairs of teeth
Well developed bursa in males
Diagnosis: large, thin-shelled unembryonated eggs in faeces
3 species present in Australia
Zoonosis - cutaneous larval migrans
Transmission: skin penetration or ingestion and trans-mammary infection
Severe anaemia may develop prior to appearance of eggs in faeces
Skin lesions due to penetrating larvae and may be pulmonary damage (larva migration)
Chronic infection - loss of appetite, poor growth and coat condition
L1 hatch within 1-2 days in enviro
L3 develop in enviro (infective sheathed L3)
Pre-patent period varies depending on route of infection: ingestion = 2-3 weeks, skin penetration 4-5 weeks
Infection in pups pre-patent period 15-16 days
Control - hygiene and cleanin - 9NecatorClass: Nematodes, Order: strongylidia, super-family: Ancylostoma
Hook worm of humans
Causes form of dermatitis called ground itch arising at site of penetration
Larval migration can cause lung irritation starting one week after infection
Worms in intestine may cause epigastic pain
In endemic areas high worm burdens can cause retarded growth in children - 10MetastrongylusClass: Nematodes, Order: strongylidia, super-family: Metastrongyloidea
Lung worm - pigs
Females long, white (55mm)
Bursa in male well developed with long slender spicules
Vulva in females opens near anus
Diagnostics: large, thin-shelled unembryonated eggs in faeces
Indirect lifecycle
I.H = earthworm ingestion of eggs
L1 may survive in enviro for 3 months, susceptible in desiccation
Development to L3 in earth worm (10 days)
L3 pass through mesenteric lymph glands where they moult to L4 and move to lungs to develop into adults
Pre-patent period 24 days
Infect bronchi and bronchioles
Control via eliminate I.H and pigs - 11Teladorsagia & OstertigiaClass: Nematodes, Order: strongylidia, super-family: Trichostrongyloidea
Small brown stomach worm
Diagnosis: eggs in faeces, large thin-shelled unembryonated
L1 hatch in enviro (24 hours)
L3 develop in dung/soil (5-6 days)
Exsheathment in rumen
Parasitic larvae move to abomasum and mucosa
L4 emerge after 8 days
Pre-patent 15-17 days
Females lay less eggs but more stable than Haemonchus
Resistant to drenches issues - 12CooperiaClass: Nematodes, Order: strongylidia, super-family: Trichostrongyloidea
Small intestine of cattle
Only significant in calves since they induce some acquired immunity
Diagnostics: large, thin-shelled unembryonated eggs in faeces
Villous atrophy leads to loss of SA
Leakage of serum protein
Severe infections - diarrhoea and dehydration, weight loss and emaciation
Infections usually subclinical -> failure to thrive
L1 hatch within 24 hours
L3 develop in dung/soil 5-6 days
L3 resistant, enclosed in sheath formed by moulted cuticle from L2
Exsheathment in abomasum, migrate to small intestine mucosa
L4 emerge after 10 days develop to adults in small intestine
Some larvae can remain in mucosa for several months (arrested development)
Pre-patent period 3 weeks
Resistant to drugs increasing - 13NematodirusClass: Nematodes, Order: strongylidia, super-family: Trichostrongyloidea
Small inflated cuticular bulb at anterior end
Spicules of males very long and distal tips fused together
Parasites of lower half of small intestine
Common in winter-rainfall areas
Diagnostics: large, thin-shelled unembryonated eggs in faeces
Develop to L3 inside eggs (2 weeks)
Infection via ingestion of L3s
Eggs extremely resistant
L3 penetrate intestine mucosa and moult to L4
L4 emerge day 6-10 and develop to adults in small intestine
Pre-patent period 15 days
Resistant to drugs increasing - 14ToxocaraClass: Nematodes, Order: Ascaridia, super-family: Ascaridoidea
3 large lips and large cervical alae
Post-oesophageal ventriculus
Finger like appendage on tail
Diagnostics: eggs in faeces, thick-shelled, unembryonated pitted shell
Pathology occurs in pre-patent period
Not clinically significant unless in large numbers
Migrating larvae may cause damage to liver and lungs
Embryonation 2-3 weeks
Infective eggs very resistant (can last months/years)
Most young infected via mothers milk
P.H important for older animals
If infection is via eggs - eggs hatch in intestine and larvae migrate to liver/lungs
Most larva migrate to trachea and develop to adults in small intestine
Some larvae migrate to other tissue where development is suspended
Infect small intestine
Eggs not immediately infected in faeces and can large for long periods in enviro - 15ToxascarisClass: Nematodes, Order: Ascaridia, super-family: Ascaridoidea
Causes unthriftiness and diarrhoea
Diagnostics: eggs in faeces, thick shelled, unembryonated, smooth shell
Embryonation within a week, infective eggs very resistant can last months/years
Transmission: ingestion of emrbyonated eggs
No migration but early larval develop occurs in intestinal wall
Rodents can act as P.H where larva migrate to tissues
Pre-patent period 11 weeks - 16AscarisClass: Nematodes, Order: Ascaridia, super-family: Ascaridoidea
Largest nematode in pigs
Females up to 40cm long
3 large lips surrounding mouth at anterior end each lip with row of minute denticles
Paired spicules are robust
Vagina opens in first quarter of body
Diagnostics: eggs thick shelled, unembryonated in faeces
Important in young pigs
Migration through liver/lungs causes greatest pathological affects
Large numbers of adults in small intestine interfere with bowel motility and passage
An individual worm may enter bile duct and cause fatal obstruction
Females can lay up to 2 mill eggs/day
Development to L3 within eggs (2 weeks)
Transmission: ingestion of embryonated eggs
Eggs hatch in intestine and larva migrate to liver via portal system
Move to trachea and coughed up and swallowed adults develop in small intestine
Control via raising pigs indoors and regularly cleaning faeces
A. lumbricoides affects humans - 17AnisakisClass: Nematodes, Order: Ascaridia, super-family: Ascaridoidea
Adults in dolphins and other toothed whales
Larva in body cavity and muscles of pelagic fish
Larva may be up to 3cm long
Humans infected via eating undercooked/raw fish
Larva burrow in mucosa of stomach or small intestine and may cause ulceration
May burrow through causing peritonitis
Indirect lifecycle - krill I.H ingest L3
Squid or fish transport host
Then eaten by dolphins etc
Eggs in faeces - 18HeterakisClass: Nematodes, Order: Ascaridia, super-family: Heterakoidea
Found in the caeca of chickens, turkeys and ducks
Very little is known
Carrier of Histomonas meleagridis (protzoan) - blackhead disease in turkeys - 19AscaridiaClass: Nematodes, Order: Ascaridia, super-family: Heterakoidea
Robust worms
Small intestine of chickens, turkeys, ducks and other birds
Diagnostics: Eggs in faeces, oval shaped with smooth thick shell, unembryonated
Chickens <3 months more susceptible
In heavy infections larva penetrate mucosa causing enteritis and haemorrhage
Develop within eggs (L2 within10 days)
Transmission: ingestion of embryonated egg
P.H = earthworm
Early larval development within mucosa of small intestine - 20OxyurisClass: Nematodes, Order: Oxyurida, super-family: Oxyuroidea
Adults have characteristic muscular pharynx with slender central portion and bulb at posterior end
Diagnostics: asymmetrical, operculated, thick-shelled unembryonated eggs
Eggs deposited in perianal region
Common in horses & equids
Larva can cause damage to large intestine in heavy infections
Adults in lumen non-pathogenic
Most serious effects caused by eggs in perianal region, highly pruritic
Eggs have sticky gelantinous coat
Embryonation within 3-5 days
Eggs fall/rub off into food, water, litter
Transmission: ingestion of embryonated eggs
Hatching occurs in intestine
L3 enter crypts of caecum and colon
3-10 days moult to L4 and feed on mucosa
50 days - develop to adult
Control by hygiene and drugs - 21EnterobiusClass: Nematodes, Order: Oxyurida, super-family: Oxyuroidea
Small white worm
Characteristic pointed tails
Infects colon of humans
Sticky translucent eggs on perianal region
Widespread, particularly children
Little clinical significance
Direct lifecycle
Transmission: anus-hand-mouth in children - 22DraschiaClass: Nematodes, Order: Spiruida, super-family: Spiruroidea
Occurs in clusters in nodules of stomach wall
2 lateral lips separated from rest of the body
Funnel shaped pharynx
Male tail spirally coiled, spicules uneven
Very difficult to detect larva in faeces
Large gastric tumors produced, not particularly harmful but can become purulent and may cause gastric perforation
Indirect - I.H = houseflies/bushflies (musca)
Infective larva migrate from haemocoel to proboscis -> deposited onto horse during feeding
May also be infected by ingestion living or dead infected flies
Larva develop to adult in stomach
Pre-patent period 2 moths
L3 deposited by a fly in an open wound/eye may survive for some time and result in granulomatous lesions - 23HabronemaClass: Nematodes, Order: Spiruida, super-family: Spiruroidea
Very similar in appearance to Draschia but does not form nodules
Otherwise similar lifecycle and morphology - 24SpirocercaClass: Nematodes, Order: Spiruida, super-family: Spiruroidea
Adults worms are blood-red coloured
Coiled nematodes found in nodules in oesophagus and stomach
Buccal capsule thick-walled and short
Diagnostics: eggs in faeces, smooth-walled, thin shelled, embryonated
In many cases eggs difficult to detect and requires oesophageal endoscopy
Common in dogs in most parts of the world, particularly warmer climates
Embryonated eggs in faeces or vomitus
Must be ingested by beetle I.H to hatch
L1 penetrate intestinal wall of beetle and develop to L2 in body cavity
Encapsulates and develops to infective L3
D.H ingests infected beetle
L3 released and penetrate stomach wall
Enters blood stream and migrates via walls of coeliac arterty -> aorta (3 weeks)
Pre-patent period 5-6 months
Variety of P.H which may infect D.H
Difficult to control - 25OnchocercaClass: Nematodes, Order: Spiruida, super-family: Filariodea
Number of species in skeletomuscular tissue of cattle, horses and people
Usually lie tightly coiled in nodules in tissues
Usually little clinical significance, but dermatitis reaction can develop in presence of microfilariae
In people - elephantiasis and blindess
Indirect - microfilariae occur in tissue spaces and transmitted by variety of biting insects - 26DirofilariaClass: Nematodes, Order: Spiruida, super-family: Filariodea
Dog heart worm (occ. cats)
Males have coiled tip, females 30 cm long
Uterus of mature female filled with microfilariae (pre-L1)
These are shed by female into blood and found circulating in peripheral blood
Diagnosis: microfilariae in blood (wylie's filter test) microscopy or antigen test
Indirect - I.H mosquito (Cluex, Aedes)
L3 develops in haemocoel 2-3 weeks
Transmission via bite - development in somatic tissues
Immature adults in right ventricle 3 months
Microfilariae in blood 6-7 months
Pre-patent period 6 months
Adults can survive for up to 7 years
Microfilariae can survive for up to 2 years
Prophylactic drugs - kill developing larva in connective tissue - 27DracunculusClass: Nematodes, Order: Spiruida, super-family: Dracunculoidea
- 28TrichinellaClass: Nematodes, Order: Enoplida, super-family: Trichinelloidea
Very small, short lived adult worms
Diagnosis: detection of encysted larvae in meat samples in pigs
Important zoonosis - threat to Australia
Infective encysted larvae ingested by D.H
Development to adult stage 3-4 stages in small intestine
Females viviparous producing larva which penetrate gut mucosa of D.H and travel via lymph and blood systems
Low host specificity and wide host range - 29TrichurisClass: Nematodes, Order: Enoplida, super-family: Trichinelloidea
Whip worm
Long thin anterior end embedded in mucosa, short tick posterior end in lumen
Anterior end contains the stichosome pharynx - long tubular organ
Diagnostics: eggs unembryonated in faeces, thick brownish shell, bipolar plugs
Occurs in a variety of species with various symptoms
Embryonation 2-3 weeks
Eggs highly resistant in enviro (can last for months or years)
Transmission: ingest infective eggs
No migration
Pre-patent period 11-12 weeks - 30FasciolaClass: Trematoda, Subclass: Diagenea
- 31ParamphistomumClass: Trematoda, Subclass: Diagenea
- 32ClonorchisClass: Trematoda, Subclass: Diagenea
- 33OpisthorchisClass: Trematoda, Subclass: Diagenea
- 34DicrocoeliumClass: Trematoda, Subclass: Diagenea
- 35SchistosomaClass: Trematoda, Subclass: Diagenea
- 36TaeniaClass: Cestoda, sub-class: Eucestoda, Order: Cyclophyllidea
- 37EchinococcusClass: Cestoda, sub-class: Eucestoda, Order: Cyclophyllidea
- 38MonieziaClass: Cestoda, sub-class: Eucestoda, Order: Cyclophyllidea
- 39DipylidiumClass: Cestoda, sub-class: Eucestoda, Order: Cyclophyllidea
- 40HymenolepisClass: Cestoda, sub-class: Eucestoda, Order: Cyclophyllidea
- 41DiphyllobothriumClass: Cestoda, sub-class: Eucestoda, Order: Pseudophyllidea
- 42SpirometraClass: Cestoda, sub-class: Eucestoda, Order: Pseudophyllidea
- 43TrypanosomaPhylum: Sarcomastigophora, sub-phylum: Mastigophora, Order: Kinetoplastida
- 44LeishmaniaPhylum: Sarcomastigophora, sub-phylum: Mastigophora, Order: Kinetoplastida
- 45TrichomonasPhylum: Sarcomastigophora, sub-phylum: Mastigophora, Order: Trichomonadida
- 46HistomonasPhylum: Sarcomastigophora, sub-phylum: Mastigophora, Order: Trichomonadida
- 47GiardiaPhylum: Sarcomastigophora, sub-phylum: Mastigophora, Order: Diplomonadida
- 48EntamoebaPhylum: Sarcomastigophora, sub-phylum: Sarcodina, Order: Amoebida
- 49NaegleriaPhylum: Sarcomastigophora, sub-phylum: Sarcodina, Order: Schizopyrenida
- 50EimeriaPhylum: Apicompleza, class: Sporozoea Order: Euccidiida
- 51ToxoplasmaPhylum: Apicompleza, class: Sporozoea Order: Euccidiida
- 52SarcosystisPhylum: Apicompleza, class: Sporozoea Order: Euccidiida
- 53CryptosporidiumPhylum: Apicompleza, class: Sporozoea Order: Euccidiida
- 54IsosporaPhylum: Apicompleza, class: Sporozoea Order: Euccidiida
- 55PlasmodiumPhylum: Apicompleza, class: Sporozoea Order: Euccidiida
- 56BabesiaPhylum: Apicompleza, class: Sporozoea Order: Piroplasmida
- 57BalantidiumPhylum: Ciliophora, Family: Balantidiidae
- 58—
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- Karteikarten am Parasite -genus, erstellt von siobhonegan am 07/11/2015.
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- siobhonegan
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