Karteikarten
Forensics
Karten in diesem Stapel (92)
- 1what is offender profiling?used by police to narrow list of likely suspects
analyse the crime scene and evidence to draw a hypthosis - 2what is the top down approach when it is used?made in USA by the FBI
collected interviews from sexually motivated murderers
found could categorise criminals into organised or disorganised - 3what is a organised offender?they plan crimes in advance
target specific victims
little evidence left behind
often skilled job and married with kids - 4what is a disorganised offender?little planning
spotaneous
impulsive attack
lot of evidence behind
low IQ
unemployed
sexual and socially dusfunctioning
living alone - 5what was canter research support for top downanalysed 100 murderers found many had correlations with characteristics of organised offender present
- 6whats a problem with the research that formed top down?evidence if flawed
small sample of same crime type
was not random or big
interviews were not standard
lacks scientific basis - 7whats a issue with stating offenders are organised or disorganisedcommon for people to have traits from both
it is a contuum (scale) not distinct groups - 8can top down be applied to different crime types?with other crimes, like burgarly it solved 85% more cases so is applicable
has wider applications as first assumed only relevant to SA and murder - 9what is the bottom up approachgenerates picture of offender
more grounded in psychological theory - 10what is investigative psychology?apply statisitical procedures
to establish patterns of behaviour likely to occur
develop database to compare - 11what is interpersonal coherence?way offender behaves at crime scene reflects their usual everyday behaviour
- 12what is geographical profiling?location linked to crime scene
infer about home or base location in space - 13what was canters circle theory?pattern of criminal behaviour forms circle arounc criminals home based
- 14what is a marauder vs commutermarauder operates close to home
commuter has travelled away a distance
to commit crime - 15benefit of bottom downexplain wider range of crime compared to top down
- 16how did canter support his circle theroy120 murderess
location of body disposals formed a circle with the home based as its centre
supportive
marauders mostly - 17whats a problem with geographical profilingnot sufficient alone
relies on accurate data and many crime scenes
other factors may be more important to make profile
time, age, experience ect - 18what did Lombroso suggested caused offending?criminals are 'genetic throwbacks'
lacks evolutionary development
natural tendency, rooted in genes
its innate - 19explain the atavistic form?offenders have physiological markers that differ from us
narrow brows, strong jaw, high cheekbones and unsymmetrical face
tattos slangs pearcings
different physcial traits for different crime types - 20what was lombrosos research?examined facial and cranial features of convicts, concluded was form
40% of acts were done by atavistic form - 21one evidence contradicts avatismnewer study in 1913 looked at link
comparison between offenders and non
no evidence was difference
challenges lombroso - 22how did lombroso change studying crime strengthshifted towards scientific basis for first time
major contribution
beggining of criminal profiling
and criminology field - 23how was lombrosos research badly controlledfailed to control variables
or to compare with control
no cv control
does not meet modern scientific basis - 24explain twin studies in criminal studyChristiansen studied twins and found concordance rate for offending 35% for MZ, 13% DZ
Crowe - adopted kids whose mother was criminal had 50% of offending, adoptees with a mother not criminal only 5% - 25role of candidate genesMAOA and CDH13 associated with violence
MAOA linked with aggression - 26explain diathesis - stress modelcombination of genetic vulnerability and environmental triggers
- 27explain neural explanations?Raine - reduced activity in prefrontal cortex
11% reduction in grey matter
can neurally switch empathy on or off compared to normal that is always on - 28whats issues with twin studieshigh concordance rates because twins are treated the same
assuming share same environment as each other when not always the case - 29whats support for diathesis stress model?not b or a parents convicted, child 13%
20% when only b
24% when both
supports idea of combination of genetics and environment - 30strength of neural explanationbrains scans found that damage to prefrontal showed impulsive, lack of empathy
causal factor - 31issue of neural explanation?relationship between APD is complex
may be intervening variables
correlational - 32what did Eysenck say about personality?traits are biological and come about from nervous system we inherit
criminal personality has innate biological basis - 33what are extraverts?underactive NS so seek excitement and stimulation
seek risk taking behaviour - 34what are neurotics?high reactivity
respond quickly in flight or fight
nervous, jumpy, anxious and unpredictable - 35what are psychotics ?high levels of testosterone
no emotions and prone to aggression - 36what is the criminal personality according to Eysenck?high neurotic - extrovert - psychotic
N unstable so overact
E seek arousal and danger
P aggressive, lack empathy - 37how did eysenck measure criminal personality?EPQ personality questionnaire
determine type - 38eysencks theory research supportcompared prisoner results on EPQ vs controls
Prisoners had higher scores of E P and N
but SDB is a questionnaire - 39whys eysencks theory too simple?personality alone not enough to determine if someone will continue offence
should involve environmental factors
more complex - 40cultural factors on Eysencks theoryafrican americans who were criminals scored lower on E than controls, opposite to what Eysenck suggested
so can personality be generalised?? - 41what did Kolhberg suggest about moral reasoning?peoples judgement of what right or wrong
offenders show lower level of moral reasoning than non offenders
were pre - conventional obey to avoid punishment and gain personally
while non are conventional or beyond - 42what is pre - conventional moral resoningavoid punishment, get rewards
immature, child like
lack empathy are self - centred and lack social skills - 43research support for moral reasoning?offenders showed less moral reasoning behaviour than non
given morality related questions - 44limitation of moral reasoningdepends on type of offence
crime for personal gain (robbing) more likely to be pre conventional than impulsive crimes (assault)
pre c associated with attempted to avoid punishment
kohlbergs doesnt apply to all crimes - 45what are cognitive distortions?errors in a persons information processing systems, faulty thinking
- 46what is hostile attribution bias?violence associated with tendency to misinterpret others actions
assume are confrontational when not
offenders more likely to perceive facial expressions as angry and hostile than non - 47what is minimalisation?attempt to deny or downplay serious of crime they have committed
rapists 54% denied they had done it
and 40% minimised harm they caused - 48how does cognitive distortions have real world application?used in CBT to challenge irrational beliefs
establish less distorted view of actions to reduce criminality
practical values - 49limitation of cognitive distortions?depends on offence type
non - contact sex offenders had more distortions than contact
more history, more likely to use
not in same way for different crime types - 50what does the differential association theory propose?form of SLT
individuals learn techniques, motives for crime from associating and interacting with others - 51how is offending learnt?predict how likely someone is to be offender based on exposure to deviant norms
learning attitudes from a groups
learning techniques of how to offend - 52how does crime breed in prisons?many go on to offend after release due to exposure to inmates that share experiences and attitudes
- 53shows did DAT shift focus of criminal explanations?drew away attention from biology and individual morality to environmental influences
- 54how can DAT account for offending in all sections of society?explain all offences, not just lower class but middle class and upper as well
wide reaching all people - 55how it is difficult to test DAT?aspects cant be measured
such as number of pro - crimes someone has and amount they have been exsposed too
not know what point offending is triggered - 56what did psychodynamic approach say causes offendinginadequate or deficient super - ego caused offending because id given free rein and not controlled
are 3 types - 57what is weak superegoif same - gender parent absent in phallic stage, child cant internalise superego
- 58what is a deviant superego?child internalises superego that has deviant values leads to offending
- 59what is the over - harsh superego?identify with parent who has frim rules
over harsh parenting causes guilt, anxiety
drive to commit crime to sastify superegos need for punishment - 60what did bowlby suggest with maternal deprivation?the 44 thieves, more likely to be affectionless psychopaths as a result of maternal deprivation
- 61psychodynamic research support?analysed offenders
diagnosed superego disturbances
consequence of overharsh, basis of offending - 62problem with gender alphas bias?freud said girls have weaker superego as identification with same - sex parent not as strong
so women should be more prone to offence than men but is not case - 63whats a problem with bowlbys theory?that maternal deprivation and offending is not causation but correlational
reason for later offending but not the only reason - 64what is custodial sentencing?offender spends time in prison or institution
way of dealing with offending - 65what is rehabilitation?providing opportunities for prisoners to better adjusted to society on release
- 66what is deterrence?unpleasant prison experience, prevent offender repeating offence
tells the public this crime will not be tolerated - 67what is incapacition?taken out of society to prevent reoffending
to protect public - 68what is retribution?society enacting revenge for the offence by making them suffer
suffering is proportional to the seriousness of offending - 69what is recidivism ?45% in UK
reoffending rates - 70what are the psychological effects of custodial sentencing?stress and depression (high suicide rates)
cant function outside and used to prison
inmate codes learnt
suicide rates x9 of that in society
detrimental, brutal, demeaning to mental health
this is a LIMITATION - 71whats a strength of custodial sentencing?provides opportunity for training and treatment
become better people in prison
more likely to lead crime - free life in society - 72whats a limitation of custodial sentencing?may learn to be better offenders
acquire skills
learn tricks of the trade from more experienced criminals
reoffending more likely to occur - 73what is behaviour modification?aim to reinforce obedient behaviour in offenders so continues, punish disobedience so dies out
uses token economies - 74how do token economies work?operant conditioning
given a token for desirable behaviour
if undesirable can be deducted
token exchanged for rewards
token = secondary reinforcer
rewards = primary - 75how are target behaviours operationalised?broken down into parts
prison staff use standardised procedures - 76whats research support for TEmore positive behaviour with offenders in TE system than those not
systems do work, but only if applied consistently - 77whats a strength of TEeasy to implement
no professionals like anger management
used by anyone in institution
cost - effective
so used for all prisoners, practical value - 78whats a limitation of TEnot effective long term
positive changes in prison may be lost fast on release
so does not prevent reoffending - 79how are anger management schemes a form of CBTcognitive triggers arousal which leads to aggression
taught to recognise factors that trigger loss of control and find resolutions other than violence - 80whats 1 stage of AMcognitive preparation
reflect on past, consider pattern
identify triggers - 812nd stage of AMskills acquisition
range of techniques to deal with anger provoking situations
postive self talk for calmness
assertiveness training
relaxation or meditation - 823rd stage of AMapplication practice
role play to re- enact situations
must see as real
if successful, positive reinforcement - 83how is AM better than TE strengthtackles the causes of offending
TE deal with surface not root causes
AM insight to their offending to develop new managing in real contextes
more likely a permanent change - 84limitation of AM involving indiviudal differencesprogress with those who had high levels of anger and those highly motivated
but not others
so only works for set profile of a criminal - 85how is AM exspensive?require highly trained specialists
and takes time
so not appropiate in a lot of prisons - 86what is restorative justice?looks less at punishing and more at repairing harm caused
involves victim too - 87list key features of RJtrained mediator watches
survivor explains how incident effected them
active involvement both ways
focus on positive outcomes for both - 88evidence that RJ has positive outcomes strengthcouncil 7 year study
85% of survivors sastified with process
acheives its aims, help survivors recover - 89does RJ reduce reoffence?yes
compare RJ offenders to non RJ offender
those with RJ significantly less likely to reoffend than control
so this is a strength - 90how can RJ be abusednot all criminals benefit
must be taking part because are sorry and want to fix damage
however many not, are avoiding punishment, taking pride, downplaying ect - 91whats a problem with RJ?not used in domestic violence
power imbalance pressures survivor
also not appropiate for severe crime, murder and rape and victims may not forgive, is too traumatic - 92—
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- A level Psychology Karteikarten am Forensics, erstellt von Isabelle Carroll am 30/05/2025.
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