Karteikarten
3.3
Karten in diesem Stapel (15)
- 1Multi-Store of memory Atkinson & Shiffrin 1968An overview of the basic structure and architecture of memory and it was inspired by computer science
Seems simplistic, but is based on the idea that human are information processors and it has been an influential model in attempting to describe human's memory system
Based on the assumption that memory consists of a number of separate stores and that memory processes are sequential
The memory stores in the model are structural components that include control processes (attention, coding & rehearsal). Rehearsal ensures the transfer of information from short-term memory (working memory) to LTM
Only a small amount of this information will be transferred in STM store (depending on attention)
Sensory memory registers sensory information & stores it for 1-4 seconds. Information in the sensory memory is modality specific (i.e. related to the different senses)
STM: has limited capacity (around 7 items) and limited duration (around 6-7 seconds). Information processed in the STM is transferred into LTM if it is rehearsed. If not, it is lost - 2Serial position effect Evidence for the multi-store modelBelieved to be linked to rehearsal (i.e. people repeat things in order to remember them). The serial position effect suggests that people remember things better if they are either the first (primary effect) or the last (recency effect) item on a list of things to remember.
- 3Glanzer & Cuntiz 1966 Evidence for the multi-stored modelAim: To investigate the recency effect in free recall (i.e. in any order)
Procedure: This was a lab experiment where participants first heard a list of items & then immediately had to recall them in any order.
Results: Paripants recalled words from the begning of the list (Primacy effect) at the end of the list (recency). The results graphed show a u-shaped curve.
If participants were given the filler task just after hearing the last words, the primacy effect disappeared bu the recency effect remained.
The recency effect could be due to the words still being active in STM (working memory). Rehearsal could be a factor in transfer of information into LTM.
Evaluation: The study supports the idea that multiple stores (STM & LTM exist). This is a controlled lab study with highly controlled variables, but there is no random allocation of participants to experimental conditions, so it is not a true experiment. There may be problems w/ ecological validity. - 4Evidance of the multi store model of memoryCase studies of individuals with amnesia due to brain damage.
Amnesia is caused by damage to the hippocampus.
HM: hippocampus damages, networks that were related also failed.
MRI scans show that HM had severe brain damage to the hippocampus which critical in the storage of information to LTM.
HM could store new procedural memory (implicit memory), but he was not able to store new explicit memory (semantic memory. This shows that the memory system contains different sub-systems(stores in this model). - 5Strengths of the multi-store modelThe model pioneered a new approach to memory where humans are seen as information processors
The model is supported by research
Predictions & Designs possible based on this model
Laid the foundation for Working memory model - 6Limitation of the multi-stored modelthe model is very simplistic. Cannot explain how interaction happens between the stores (e.g. how LTM can direct attention in sensory memory)
Research into the encoding of LTM has challenged the single store model of LTM. Now accepted that LTM has several stores: semantic, episodic, procedural) - 7Baddeley & Hitch 1974Suggested that the working memory is an alternative to STM
This model challenged the view that STM (multi-stored) is unitary & that information processing is passive (it's active & dynamic) - 8The working memory modelSeen as an active store used to hold & manipulate information. The model has been used over the years to include findings from research (e.g. a fourth component, the episodic buffer has been added)
The central executive controls the "slave systems"
The episodic buffer: the inner stage
The articulatory control system: the "inner voice"
Phonological store: " inner ear"
The phonological loop: Visuo-spacial sketchpad: inner eye, imputs from LTM & senses
- 9Evidence of working memoerThere is evidence in so-called dual task experiments. the model assumes there is a division of tasks among the main slave systems according to modality.
If two tasks are done simultaneously (e.g. in dual tasks experiment or multitasking) it is possible to perform well if separate systems are used. If concurrent task uses the same system, it will affect the performance of the task negatively. - 10Working memoryseen as an active store used to hold and manipulate information. The model has been used over the years to include findings from research (e.g. a fourth component, the episodic buffer has been added)
Includes:
central executive- controls the slave system
episodic buffer- inner stage
phonological loop
articulatory control system, inner voice
phonological store-inner ear
visuo-spaical sketched-inner eye, imputs from LTM & senses - 11Evidence of working memoryThere is evidence in so-called dual task experiments. the model assumes there is a division of tasks among the main slave system according to modality
If 2 tasks are done simultaneously (e.g. in dual task experiment or multitasking) it is possible to perform well is separate systems are used. If concurrent tasks use the same system, it will affect the performance of the task negatively. - 12Baddeley & Hitch 1974 Evidence of working memoryasked participants increasningly difficult questions about simple letter combintation that were shown at the same time. Reaction time increases as the queatios became more difficult.
Participants were then asked to do an articulatory supression task (e.g. repeating "the" all the time, repeting number from 1-6 or repeting random numbers) while they answered the questions.
There was no significant difference in reaction time between the group "the" or number 1-6 . the group that had to repeat random numbers had to repeat random numbers had the worst performance.
This was interpreted as overload problems for the central executive. - 13Quinn & McConnel 1996 Evidence of working memoryasked a group of participants to learn a task from either imagery or rehearsal.
the task was performed on its own or in the presence of "concurrent visual noise" (interference). For example changing the pattern of dots.
concurrent verbal noise (interference) for ex. speech in a foreign language.
the results showed that learning words by imagery was not imagery was not affected by concurrent verbal task but i was disturbed by concurrent visual task.
The opposite was found in the rehearsal condition. This shows that imagery processing uses the visou-spacial sketchpad whereas verbal processing uses the same phonological loop. If two tasks uses the same component of working memory, performance deteriorates.
This study lends support to the different modality specific slave systems & the idea of limited processing capacity. - 14Strengths of working memorythe model has been useful in understanding which parts of the memory systems may be linked to underlying problems in reading & math skills
the model focuses on the processes of integrating information, rather than the isolation of the subsystems.
this provides a much better basis for the understanding of the more complex aspects of executive control in working memory. - 15Limitations of working memorythe major criticism of the first version of this model was the unclear role of working memory
the model has been criticized for its emphasis on structure of processing
this has been dealt with in part by the addition of the episodic buffer in the revised model.
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- High School Diploma Psychology (CLA (HL)) Karteikarten am 3.3, erstellt von Emilia Sullivan am 08/03/2016.
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- Emilia Sullivan
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