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Personality

Megan Elliott Psychology GCSE Englisch 56 Karten

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  1. 1Define PersonalityMade up of the thoughts, feelings and behaviours that make a person unique. Comes from within the individual who's personality usually stays the same over time. Personality can develop over the years of life experiences.
  2. 2Define TemperamentThe inherited part of personality. It describes the way in which the individual responds to the environment. It stays the same throughout life. This means that some people might always find certain situations difficult.
  3. 3Thomas, Chess and Birch study investigated...Temperament
  4. 4Thomas et al AimTo discover whether ways of responding to the environment remain the same throughout life.
  5. 5Thomas et al MethodThey studied 133 children from infancy to early adulthood. The children's behaviour was observed and their parents were interviewed. The parents were asked about the child's routine and reactions to change.
  6. 6Thomas et al ResultsThey found that the children fell in to three types; easy, difficult, or slow to warm up. The easy children were flexible and regular. The difficult children were demanding, inflexible and cried a lot. The children that were slow to warm up did not respond well change or new experiences to begin with, but once they had adapted they were usually happy.
  7. 7Thomas et al ConclusionThese ways of responding to the environment stayed with the children as they developed. Therefore the researchers concluded temperament must be innate
  8. 8Evaluation Points for Thomas et alLongitudinal study - some drop out.
    Sample bias - can not be generalised.
    Can show demand characteristics.
  9. 9Buss and Plomin investigated..Temperament
  10. 10Buss and Plomin AimTo test the idea temperament is innate.
  11. 11Buss and Plomin MethodThey studied 228 pairs of monozygotic twins and 172 pairs of dizygotic twins. They rated the temperament of the twins when they were 5 years old. They looked at three parts of behaviour:
    Emotionality - how strong the child's emotional response is.
    Activity - how energetic the child was
    Sociability - how much the child wanted to be with other people.
    They then compared the scores for each pair of twins.
  12. 12Buss and Plomin ResultsThere was a closer correlation between the scores of the monozygotic twins than between the scores of the dizygotic twins
  13. 13Buss and Plomin ConclusionTemperament has a genetic basis
  14. 14Buss and Plomin Evaluation PointsPopulation validity - only used twins therefore cannot be generalised.
    Had Informed consent.
    Large sample
    Factors can be affected by the environment
  15. 15Kagan and Snidman investigated...Temperament
  16. 16Kagan and Snidman AimTo investigate whether temperament is due to biological differences.
  17. 17Kagan and Snidman MethodStudied the reactions of 4 month old babies to new situations. For the first minute the baby was placed in a seat with the caregiver sitting nearby. For the next minutes the caregiver moved out of the baby's view while the baby was shown different toys by the researcher.
  18. 18Kagan and Snidman Results20% of the babies showed distress by crying and anxious movements of the arms and legs. They were classed as high reactive. 40% of the babies showed little movement or emotion. They were classed as low reactive. The rest of the infants fell somewhere between the two. In a follow up study, 11 years later Kagan and Snidman found there was still a difference in the way the two groups reacted to new situations; the high reactive were shy while the low reactives were calm.
  19. 19Kagan and Snidman ConclusionIt was concluded that these two temperaments are due to inherited differences in the way the brain responds.
  20. 20Kagan and Snidman Evaluation PointsLarge sample size - high population validity
    lacks ecological validity - causing demand characteristics.
  21. 21Define ExtroversionThese people look to the outside world for entertainment
  22. 22Define IntroversionThese people are content with their own company.
  23. 23Define NeuroticismThese people are highly emotional and show a quick, intense reaction to fear.
  24. 24Eysenck investigated...Personality types
  25. 25Eysenck AimTo investigate the personality of 700 servicemen
  26. 26Eysenck MethodEach soldier completed a questionnaire. Eysenck anaylsed the results using a statistical technique known as factor analysis.
  27. 27Eysenck ResultsHe identified two dimensions of personality: extroversion-introversion and neuroticism
  28. 28Eysenck ConclusionEveryone can be placed along these two dimensions of personality. Most people lie in the middle of the scale.
  29. 29Eysenck Evaluation PointsLack population validity and used a questionnaire
  30. 30Define EPIEysenck's Personality Inventory - measures introversion, extroversion, and neuroticism
  31. 31Define EPQEysenck's Personality Questionnaire - scale used to measure extroversion, introversion, neuroticism and psychoticism
  32. 32Define APDAnti- Social Personality Disorder - a condition where individuals ignore the rights of others and do not use socially acceptable behaviour. Find it hard to make friends and hold down a job.
  33. 33Characteristics of APDNot following the norms and laws of society, being deceitful or lying, being impulsive and not planning ahead, being irritable and aggressive.
  34. 34Biological Causes of APDThe amygdala and the prefrontal cortex are the two areas of the brain that have been associated with APD.
  35. 35What is the Amygdala?Its responsible for learning from the negative consequences of our actions. It also responds to fearful and sad facial expressions in others. The amygdala is smaller in those with APD
  36. 36What happens in the prefrontal cortex?Reduction of grey matter in the prefrontal cortex of the brain has also been associated with APD. Its the area of the brain that enables people to learn social and moral behaviour and to feel guilt. People with APD have reduced grey matter in this area.
  37. 37Raine et al investigated...Brain Abnormalies
  38. 38Raine et al AimTo support the theory that abnormalities in the prefrontal cortex cause APD
  39. 39Raine et al MethodMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to study 21 men with APD and a control group of 34 healthy men. The subjects were all volunteers.
  40. 40Raine et al ResultsThe APD group had an 11% reduction in prefrontal grey matter compared with the control group
  41. 41Raine et al ConclusionAPD is caused by a reduction in the brains grey matter.
  42. 42Raine et al Evaluation PointsAndrocentric.
    Used a control group.
  43. 43Situational Causes of APDSocio economic
    Quality of life
    Educational factors including low school achievement.
  44. 44Farrington investigated...Developing APD through situational factors
  45. 45Farrington AimTo investigate the development of offending and anti-social behaviour in males studied from childhood to the age of 50.
  46. 46Farrington MethodThe researchers carried out a longitudinal study of the development of anti-social and offending behaviour in 411 males. They all lived in deprived, inner city area of London. They were first studied at the age of 8 and were followed up to the age of 50. Their parents and teachers were all interviewed. Searchers were carried out at the criminal records office to discover if they, or members of their family, had been convicted of a crime.
  47. 47Farrington Results41% of the males were convicted of at least one offence between the ages of 10 and 50. The most important risk factors for offending were criminal behaviour in the family, low school achievement, poverty and poor parenting.
  48. 48Farrington ConclusionSituational factors lead to the development of anti -social behaviour.
  49. 49Farrington Evaluation PointsLongitudinal Study
    Sample
    Low internal validity - not measure what intended to measure
  50. 50Elander et al investigated...Childhood risk factors
  51. 51Elander AimTo investigate the childhood risk factors that can be used to predict anti social behaviour in adulthood
  52. 52Elander MethodResearchers investigated 225 twins who were diagnosed with childhood disorders and interviewed them 10-25 years later.
  53. 53Elander ResultsFound that childhood hyperactivity, conducted disorder. low IQ and reading problems were strong predictors of APD and criminality in adult life.
  54. 54Elander ConclusionDisruptive behaviour in childhood can be used to predict APD in adulthood.
  55. 55Elander Evaluation PointsTwins looked at genetics
    May not remember right - low reliability
  56. 56Practical Implications of APDIf APD has a biological cause it can not be prevented or prevented.
    APD is one of the most difficult disorders to treat, the patient can be extremely hard to work with.

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GCSE Psychology Karteikarten am Personality , erstellt von Megan Elliott am 17/04/2016.
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Megan Elliott
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