Karteikarten
Neuroscience
Karten in diesem Stapel (15)
- 1Describe Pavlov's Classical Conditioning
- 2Give an example of Extreme ConditioningExtreme Conditioning could be a phobia - learnt associations connected to fear
e.g. Anxiety disorders, OCD, Emetephobia - 3Describe a study involving Extreme ConditioningLittle Albert Experiment (1920)
- Paired a loud noise with a white rat to a 9 month old baby
- This induced a fearful response to all furry objects
- The generalisation is where and how a phobia forms - 4Describe Operant/ Instrumental ConditioningWhere someone learns to make a response in order to receive reward or avoid punishment - this is another way you can form associations
e.g. Skinner Box (1938) - Taught rats to press lever to receive food, or press lever to avoid electric shock - 5What is "Blocking"?Blocking occurs when more than one piece of information is added, and the subject only learns one of the pieces of information.
E.g. Mackintosh (1975) -If you add a light to the bell, animal still responds to bell
Meaning bell + light = food
No new info comes from light…animal learns only about bell - 6What does blocking mean in terms of learning?Scientists thought that learning only occurs if something is changed, omitted, or there was an error.
E.g. Mismatch of what you thought you would get & what you actually get = learning - 7What is Rescorla-Wagner?Describes learning in Classical Conditioning:
change+associative strength = CS,US (US e.g. food - predictive value)
- 8Describe what the Rescorla-Wagner is-
Explains Classical Conditioning:
- US first time= Surprising so you learn
- Next time you get US associate with CS
- Over time you realise CS leads to US, meaning association increases - 9What is a "Prediction Error"?Positive Prediction Error = Get more than you expected
Negative Prediction Error = Get less than you expected - 10What happens in the brain when there is a prediction error?Dopamine and the striatum are implicated in motivation and action
Dopamine neurons receive the error signals - 11Describe the Schultz (1997) study in relation to other behavioural studiesIf recording directly from the brains neurons, would we see similar effects to other behavioural studies
- Burst of dopamine with unexpected reward
- Burst of dopamine at CS instead of reward because they know it's coming
- Pause in spike of D at omitted reward - 12Why are prediction errors helpful to us?Drives learning about expected rewards
and guide of decision-making - 13How does Fiorillo, Tobler & Schultz (2003)'s study support the claim that dopamine can code the discrepancy between predicted rewards and actual rewards?- As probability that cue is related to reward changes, so does dopamine response e.g. behaviourally relevant stimuli caused neurons to spike.
Dopamine had a sustained firing especially for the uncertain trials ( when probability was 50% ) - Dopamine firing also tracks the probabilities that cue is related to reward
- 14How is dopamine release regulated?Fiorillo, Tobler & Schultz (2003)
1) phasic dopamine release caused by dopamine firing
2)Sustained dopamine release regulated by prefrontal cortical afferents. - 15What are the three main important characteristics for activity in midbrain dopamine neurons? (Fiorillo, Tobler, & Schultz, 2003)- prediction of a future reward,
- its unexpected occurrence (increased activity on reward presentation),
- its unexpected absence (decreased activity at the time that reward was expected)
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- Beschreibung
- Psychology Karteikarten am Neuroscience, erstellt von Ellen Cann am 08/04/2017.
- Erstellt von
- Ellen Cann
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