Karteikarten
memory ao1
Karten in diesem Stapel (43)
- 1Research on codingBaddeley
Different list of words to 4 groups
1 - acoustically similar
2 - acoustically dissimilar
3 - semantically similar
4 - semantically dissimilar
recall task immediately after hearing it and then after 20 mins - 2Findings from coding researchSTM recall - worse with acoustically similar words
LTM recall - worse with semantically similar words
Information coded semantically in LTM - 3Research on capacityDigit Span Jacobs
the capacity of a Jacobs cracker is about 2 slices of cheese
increasing number of digits to recall - 4Capacity findingsMean span of digits - 9.3
Mean span of letts 7.3 - 5Another research on capacitySpan of memory and chunking
Miller observations of everyday practice
Things come in 7s
7 MILLER yoghurts
musical scale, days of week, phone numbers
STM span is 7
Chunking - groups sets of digits or letters - 6Research on duration of STMPeterson and Peterson
Trigrams and counting backwards to stop rehearsal
Stopped at diff times - 3, 6, 9, 12, or 18 seconds (retention interval)
3 seconds 80% 9 seconds 30% 18 10% - 7Research on duration of LTMBahricks 392 ppts from Ohio
Photo recognition on year books
Free - recall test on names of graduating class
15 years of graduation 90% photo recall
38 years 70%
15 years 60% names
38 years 30% - 8MSMSensory register
STM
LTM - 9Sensory registerIconic and Echoic memory
High capacity
Duration less than half a second
Stimulus from the environment - 10STMLimited capacity store
5 - 9 items
Coded acoustically
18-30 Seconds
Maintenance rehearsal - 11LTMPotentially permanent
Capacity unlimited
Coded semantically
Transfered back to STM by retreival - 12Types of LTMEpisodic
Semantic
Procedureal - 13EpisodicAbility to recall events from our lives
Time-stamped
Single episode memory will include several elements
Conscious effort to recall - 14SemanticFacts
Literally everything
Not time-stamped - 15ProceduralActions and skills
Without conscious awareness
Hard to explain to someone - 16WMMCE
Phonological loop
Visuo-spatial sketchpad
Episodic buffer - 17Central ExecutiveAttentional process
Monitors incoming data, makes decisions and allocates slave systems tasks
Very limited storage capacity - 18Phonological loopPhonological store - words you hear
Articulatory process - maintenance rehearsal, keeps words in a loop, believed to be 2 seconds worth of what you can say
Coding is acoustic - 19VSSLimited capacity
Baddeley says 3 or 4 objects
Visual cache - stores visual data
Inner scribe - which records the arrangement of objects in the visual field - 20Episodic BufferTemporary store of information
Integrates other slaves systems
Maintains sense of time sequencing- recording events that are happening
Links working memory to LTM and wider cognition process such as perception - 21Explanations for forgettingInterference and Retrieval Failure
- 22Types of interferenceProactive - old memories interfere with new memories
Retroactive - new memories interfere with old memories
Effects of similarity - 23Effects of similarity researchMcGeoch and McDonaldd
Ppts learnt 2 lists of words - 6 diff groups
1 - synonym
2 - antonym
3 words unrelated to original
4 nonsense syllables
5 - 3 digit numbers
6 - none - 24Findings of effects of similarity researchPerformance depended on 2nd list of words
Most similar material produced worst recall
Interference in strongest when memories are similar - 25Retrieval failure theoryEncoding specificity principle - Tulving
If a cue is to help us to recall information it must be present at encoding and retrieval
Cues - mnemonic techniques etc or internal (state) or external (context) - 26Context dependent forgettingGodden and Baddeley - underwater diving
4 conditions learn on land, recall on land etc - 27Context dependent forgetting findingsAccurate recall 40% lower in non-matching conditions
- 28State-dependent frogettingCarter and Cassadey - anti-histamines
4 conditions - learn on drug recall on drug etc - 29State-dependent forgetting findingsWhen there was mismatch between internall state at learning and recall, performance was significantly worse
- 30Factors affecting EWT: Misleading informationLeading Questions and Post Event Discussion
- 31Leading Questions researchLoftus and Palmer
Film clips of car accident
How fast was car travelling when..
hit, contacted, bumped, collided, smashed - 32Leading q's research findingsContacted - 31.9mph
Smashed - 40.5 mph - 33Why do leading questions affect EWT?Response-bias - has no influence on the memory but influence how they decide to answer
Substitution explanation - wording of question changes memory of film clip - shattered glass condition for hit - 34Post event discussionGabbert et al
Ppt watched different video of same crime and could see elements that others could not
Both ppts then discussed what they had seen before test of recall - 35PED research findings71% mistakenly recalled aspects of the events that they did no see in the video but picked up in discussion
Control group - 0%
Memory conformity - go along w eachother to gain social approval or they think other witnesses are right - 36Factors affecting EWTAnxiety has negative or positive effect on recall
- 37Anxiety has negative effect researchJohnson and Scott
ppts thought they were going to take place in lab study - waiting to go in overheard heated argument
low anxiety - pen and grease
high anxiety - knife and blood - 38Anxiety has negative effect findings49% of ppts in pen condition could recognise man
33% for blood knife
Tunnel theory - weapon focus effect - 39Anxiety has positive effect researchYuille and Cutshall real-life gun shop study
13 out of 21 witnesses agreed to take part
Interviews 4-5 months after incident compared to originals
Accuracy determined by number of details reported
Witnesses asked to rate how stressed they had felt using 7-point scale - 40Anxiety has positive effect findingsLittle change in accuracy
Those who reported higher levels of stress were most accurate 88% compared to 75% - 41Explaining contradictory findingsYerkes-Dodson inverted U
Accuracy increases with anxiety until a certain point - maximum accuracy
More stress than this then recall suffers drastic decline - 42Improving EWT: Cognitive InterviewReport everything (seemingly trivial details may be relevant)
Reinstate the context
Reverse the order (prevent reporting expectations)
Change perspective (disrupts schema and expectations) - 43Enhanced Cognitive InterviewFisher et al
Interviewer needs to know when to establish eye contact and when to relinquish it
Reduce eyewitness anxiety
Minimise distractions
Get witness to speak slowly
Ask open-ended questions
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- Beschreibung
- A2 Psychology Karteikarten am memory ao1, erstellt von Emily O'Dell am 05/06/2017.
- Erstellt von
- Emily O'Dell
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