Karteikarten
PSYC 2530 - chapter 14
Karten in diesem Stapel (35)
- 1Behaviourism:observing a person's behaviour as a direct result of their environment; S-R (stimulus-response) conception of personality
- 2Functional analysis:maps out exactly how behaviour is a function of the environmental situation
- 3Empiricism:idea that all knowledge comes from experience; at birth we are a blank slate
- 4Associationism:claims that any two things become mentally associated as one when they are repeatedly experienced together in time
- 5Hedonism:motivation for learning is to seek pleasure and avoid pain
- 6Utilitarianism:the best society creates the most happiness for the largest amount of people
- 7What are the 3 kinds of learning?Habituation
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning - 8Habituation:a decrease in responsiveness with each repeated exposure
- 9How can we maintain the intensity of the response?increase the stimulus or interrupt habituation by changing the stimulus
- 10Affective forecasting:people tend to overestimate the emotional impact of future events, both good and bad
- 11Classical conditioning:the process whereby a naturally elicited response comes to be elicited by another stimulus; affects involuntary processes; some physiological processes can be conditioned
- 12Opponent processing:serve to lessen the effect of drugs, which is why some addicts need larger doses over time
- 13Learned helplessness:belief that nothing one does really matters; occurs when there is a history of unpredictable rewards and punishments; produces anxiety and depression
- 14Operant conditioning: (Thorndike and Skinner)the process of learning in which an organism's behaviour is shaped by the effect of the behaviour on the environment (Thorndike) OR animal operates on the environment to generate consequences (Skinner)
- 15What is Thorndike's law of effect?actions followed by good outcomes are likely to recur and actions followed by bad outcomes are less likely to recur
- 16What is Thorndike's puzzle box?put hungry cats in a box and they could only escape by doing a simple, specific task to get food; they began to escape more and more quickly
- 17Describe Skinner's version of operant conditioning:Skinner created a box similar to Thorndike's but simpler and for less intelligent animals such as pigeons
- 18What are the 5 principles of punishment?1. alternative behaviours must be present
2. must be clear about behaviour being punished
3. apply punishment immediately after behaviour and every time it occurs
4. condition secondary punishing stimuli such as a spray bottle
5. avoid mixed messages - 19What are the 5 dangers of punishment?1. arousing emotion
2. difficult to be consistent
3. difficult to gauge severity of punishment
4. teaches misuse of power
5. motivates concealment - 20Describe the basic premises of social learning theory:believes that behaviourism ignores motivation, thought and cognition and is too based on animal research. Also ignores the social dimensions of learning and treats organisms as passive
- 21What was Rotter's social learning theory?expectancy value theory
- 22Expectancy value theory:assumes that behavioural decisions are determined not only by the presence or size of reinforcements, but also by beliefs about expected outcomes
- 23What are the two kinds of expectancy?Specific expectancy and generalized expectancy
- 24Specific expectancy:belief that a certain behaviour at a specific time and place will lead to a specific outcome
- 25Generalized expectancy:belief about whether anything you do is likely to make a difference (little control over the outcome) also referred to as locus of control
- 26What are the characteristics of a person with a high locus of control?seek information, motivated to succeed more; independent yet cooperative, better physical/mental condition
- 27Briefly describe Bandura's social learning theory:emphasis the social nature of learning and the way people interact with situations
- 28Efficacy expectations:belief that one can accomplish something successfully; self-efficacy
-influenced by self concept (attractiveness) motivation and performance; speaks to how to change behaviour; includes persuasion and modelling - 29Observational learning:learning by watching someone else do it
- 30Reciprocal determinism:an analysis on how people shape their environment
- 31Mishel's Cognitive-Affective Personality system (CAPS)People do more than behave, observe, and expect - the also think
Interpretation of the world (construals) is important; thoughts proceed simultaneously on multiple tracks that occasionally interest - 32What are the 4 person variables:- cognitive and behavioural construction competencies (IQ, sociability, creativity)
- encoding strategies and personal constructs
-subjective stimulus values (money worth more than prestige)
- self-regulatory system and plans (self-reinforcement, selecting or altering situations) - 33Describe Mishel's if/then contingencies:a different way to understand personality traits (one person when insulted may simply walk away while another may respond by punching the person)
-different behavioural signature
ex: IF a friendly person meets a stranger THEN she is more likely to start a conversation - 34What achievements of learning approaches:- approach the goal of psychology as an objective science
- recognize how behaviour depends on environment and even the specific immediate situation (environmental factors)
- contributed to technology of behaviour change - 35What are the limitations of learning approaches?-controversial whether the effects of behavioural therapies on phobias, addictions, etc are generalizable and long-lasting
-tend to underestimate the degree to which people's thought can cause them to respond differently to situations
-behaviour is harder to change than suggested
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- Psychology Karteikarten am PSYC 2530 - chapter 14, erstellt von Chantal Delaquis am 15/11/2017.
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- Chantal Delaquis
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