Karteikarten
Psycho test 3
Karten in diesem Stapel (60)
- 1What is learning?enduring or permanent change in beh resulting from previous exp with certain stimuli&reponses
- 2What are the 3 types of learning?classical conditioning
operant conditioning
cognitive learning - 3What is classical conditioning?learning by association
NS acquires the ability to produce a response originally produced by a different stimulus - 4What is operant conditioning?learning bc of consequences
the cons increase or decrease likelihood of beh happening again - 5What is cognitive learning?involves mental processes such as attention, memory
may be learned through imitation or observation, does not involve rewards or punishments of observable beh - 6What did Ivon Pavlov do?bell+food=salivation
reflexes involves with digestion - 7What are the 3 steps of classical conditioning?1-stimulus&response
2-establishing CC
3-testing for Conditioning - 8What is the NS?stimuli that causes a sensory response (being seen, heard or smelled) but does not produce the reflex being tested
- 9What is the UCS?stimulus that triggers or elicits a physiological reflex
- 10What is the UCR?involuntary physiological reflex that is elicited by the UCS
- 11What is a trial?the presentation of the NS followed by the presentation of the UCS a short time later
- 12What is the CS?a formerly NS that acquired the ability to produce a response that was previously elicited by the UCS
- 13What is the CR?elicited by the CS, similar but not identical in size/amount to the UCR
- 14How much times for CC to be established and how much for taste-aversion?CC= 10 to 100 trials
T-A=only once - 15How do you test for conditioning?Present the CS without giving the UCS to see if the CR is produced
- 16Give Pavlov's example of CCNS=bell
UCS=food
UCR=salivation
rang bell without giving food to see if the dog salivates - 17What does CC helps animals and humans do?predict what's going to happen and produce useful info for survival
- 18give 2 more examples of CC1:
NS=rebooth sound
UCS=mint
UCR=hand+taste
2:
NS=aftershave
UCS=drill
UCR=anxiety - 19What are the 4 conditioning concepts?generalization
discrimination
extinction
spontaneous recovery - 20What is generalization?tendency for a similar stimulus to the CS to elicit a response similar to the CR
- 21What is discrimination?when organism learns to make a response to some stimuli but not to others
- 22What is extinction?then CS no longer elicits CR
bc its not natural - 23What is spontaneous recovery?tendency for CR to reappear without further trials
- 24What is adaptive value?usefulness of certain traits or abilities that tend to increase chances of survival
you can avoid the things you are afraid of - 25What is taste-aversion learning?association of a particular sensory cue with getting sick and then avoiding it
- 26explain one-trial learning for T-Aeven if NS and UCR were presented only once and even if there was many hours between them CC still happens
- 27What is preparedness?animals&humans are biologically prepared to associate some combination of stimuli more easily to others
- 28give ex of preparednessrats acquire T-A more easily with taste&smell than vision
to train a dog use smell or taste
to train a bird use light
blue jays don't eat monarchs bc they contain chemicals that will make them sick - 29explain the adaptive value of salivation in humanssalivate when see food bc smell anticipates eating and so salivation lubricates mouth&throat to make chewing and swallowing easier
- 30what is a conditioned emotional response+exfeeling emotions when experiencing a stimulus that initially accompanied a pleasant or painful event
needle+injection=pain&fear
needle=fear - 31what is CC in the brain?cerebellum=motor responses
amygdala=emotional responses - 32what are the 3 theories of CC?stimulus substitution
contiguity theory
cognitive perspective - 33What is stimulus substitution?NS becomes CS and acts as a substitute for UCS
ex: bell replaces food
wrong bc bell never produced as much salivation as sight of food - 34What is the contiguity theory?CC occurs bc 2 stimuli are paired close together in time
- 35What is the cognitive perspective theory?organism learns a predictable rel. b/t 2 stimuli such that occurrence of one predicts the other
- 36explain J. Watson's experimentunethical
wanted to see if emotional responses could be conditioned
baby Albert, no fear of rats initially, then each time he saw the rat researchers hit hammer on metal bar so baby cried
in the end baby feared rats - 37what did behaviourism do?emphasized study of observable beh and rejection or unobservable mental or cognitive events
- 38what is SD+exsystematic desensitization
goal is to overcome or uncondition fearful stimuli by pairing anxiety-provoking thoughts with feelings of deep relaxation
imaginal exposure in the office
it is based on CC
effective in treating fear of blood, conditioned nausea, snakes and speaking in public - 39what are the 3 steps of SD?1-learn to relax
2-anxiety hierarchy
3-imagine&relax - 40give ex of OCBart picked up teddy bear and was given an apple so he did it again later
- 41what is the law of effect and who did it?beh followed by pos cons=strenghtened
followed by neg cons=weakened
Thorndike - 42what was Thorndike's experiment?built a box to objectively measure animals's reasoning
see how much time cat took to get out of box to get the fish - 43Who continued his work?BF Skinner
interested in ongoing beh of animals and during learning
Skinner box with rat and bar that releases food - 44what is the difference b/t OC and CC?CC=association of NS and effect
OC=cons that follow beh - 45what is shaping?when experimenter reinforces beh that lead to the desired one
have to reinforce immediately - 46what is superstitious beh?+exaccidental pairing of a beh with a reinforcer
green apple&winning - 47give ex of OCstudy to get good grades
get a ticket and be more careful
go through yellow to avoid stopping
press bar to get food
clean room to avoid fight - 48explain toilet trainingtarget beh: urinate in toilet
preparation: take away toys so no distraction+get drink
reinforcers: praise, hug, candy
shaping: when say have to go potty, when enter bathroom, when sits - 49what are the 2 types of consequences+defreinforcement: increase likelihood of beh happening
punishment: decrease likelihood of beh happening - 50what are the 2 types of reinforcement?+expos: give a stimulus
go to work gets paid
neg:removal of an unpleasant stimulus (something annoying)
takes aspiring headache bye bye - 51what are the 2 types of reinforcers+explainprimary: innately satisfying and require no learning to become pleasurable
e.g. food, water, sex
secondary: acquires reinforcing pwr through experience, often paired with primary - 52what are the 2 types of punishment?+expos: present an aversive stimulus (GIVE)
give a ticket for speeding, spanking, electric shocks when self-injurious beh happens
neg: remove a stimulus (TAKE AWAY)
remove allowance, take away electronics, time-out - 53what is a schedule of reinforcement?program or rule that determines how and when the occurrence pf a response will be followed by a reinforcer
- 54what are the 2 types of schedules of reinf?+excontinuous: each response gets a reward
rats gets food each time presses the bar
partial: reinforced only some time
dog reinforced some times when fetches a stick - 55why is partial more common?+exmost effective in response maintenance
can make us compulsive and go crazy, can make us lose mind
casino, congrats only when 100% grades - 56explain the schedules of partial reinf+ex1-fixed-ratio: reinforced after fixed #reponses
workers paid every 6 box
2-variable-ratio:reinforced after non-specific #reponses
gambler at casino
3-fixed-interval:reinforced after fixed time, slow responding at first
surfer gets a wave every 30sec
4-variable-interval:reinforced after non-specific amount of time, reponses more regular than f-i
bus never comes at same time - 57who are against and in favor of cognitive learning?against: BF Skinner
it is the downfall of psych
in favor: Tolman and Bandura
tolman did cognitive map (replication of layout of environment in brain)
bandura did social cognitive learning - 58what is social cognitive learning?results from watching, imitating and modeling beh
need attention, memory, imitation, motivation - 59what is insight learning?mental process marked by a sudden and expected solution to a problem
often called ''ah-ha!'' - 60what are bio factors?+exinnate tendencies or predispositions that facilitate or inhibit learning, all wired differently
nutcracker hides food for winter, find it bc of cognitive maps, have a great memory bc big hippocampus
chimps can't speak but humans yes bc Broca's prewired to combine sound into words and Wernicke's to combine words into sentences
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- - Psychology Karteikarten am Psycho test 3, erstellt von Veronika Sotnikova am 12/11/2018.
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