Karteikarten
Behaviourism - Printed
Karten in diesem Stapel (41)
- 1Cartesian dualismThe mind and body are separate (the brain is not the same as the mind).
- 2EmpericalismKnowledge comes from the environment and the interactions and experiences you receive.
- 3Introspection"Looking into"
Participants were asked to 'look inside themselves' and reflect on their own cognitive processes and then describe them. - 4Wundt's 2 assumptions1) All behavior is caused (determined).
2) If all behavior is determined then it should be possible to predict how human beings would act in different conditions (predictability). - 5What is behaviorism?Psychology should be the study of observable behavior, not of the mind.
- 6What was some of Watson's beliefs?The 'consciousness' could not be seen or meaningfully defined therefore should not be studied.
Human behavior is determined by its environment and it cannot be shaped or manipulated.
He believed that he could take any healthy child and train then into any profession e.g. doctor, lawyer, beggar etc. - 7Who introduced classical conditioning? With what stimulus and response was the experiment carried out?Ivan Pavolv
Bell and salivation - 8Who was the founding father of psychology?Wundt
- 9What is the Latin for blank slate?Tabula rasa
- 10What happens if behavior is extinguished?If the bell (CS) is repeatedly sounded without food, then salivation (CR) slowly disappears.
- 11What is spontaneous recovery?If the CR has been extinguished then at a later time the dog could salivate at the presence of the stimulus (e.g. the sound of a bell).
- 12What is stimulus generalization?The CS could be changed in tone or volume and there would still be a response (e.g. the bell could be louder and salivation would still occur).
- 13What is stimulus discrimination?If the point is reached where the stimulus has been changed so much (where it is not recognized) then the CR does not happen.
- 14Explain the process of classical conditioning (Shorthand)NS (bell) -> No response
UCS (food) -> UCR (salivation)
NS (bell) + UCS (food) -> UCR (salivation)
CS (bell) -> CR (salivation) - 15What was the aim of the Little Albert study (1920)?To investigate whether an emotional response like fear can be conditioned in a child.
- 16What was the method of the little Albert study?A white rat was presented to Albert. Every time that he went to touch it a large metal bar was striked with a hammer (creating a loud noise).
The pairing of the 2 stimuli occurred several times during a number of weeks. - 17What were the results of the little Albert study?Watson found that when he finally presented the rat alone, Albert was immediately frightened and showed an attempt to move away
- 18What is systematic desensitization?It is a behaviour therapy to treat people with phobias or fears.
Example (phobia of spiders): A picture of a spider will be shown, then a real spider at a distance etc. Gradually introducing the spider to unlearn the association of fear (also known as counter-conditioning). - 19What is the main goal/aim of systematic desensitization?To weaken the association between the CS and the CR for phobias and anxiety.
- 20Who introduced operant conditioning? How is behaviour learnt through operant conditioning?Skinner
Behaviour is learnt and becomes more or less likely through consequences (rewards and punishments). - 21How did Skinner study operant conditioning?Skinner box
- 22What was one of the 'Skinner box experiments'?A hungry rat was placed inside the box. If a light came on, the rat could press a lever to receive a pellet of food. If a noise (through the loudspeaker) was made then it would mean the electrified plate would be turned on and the rat would have to press another button to turn it off.
- 23What type(s) of reinforcement are the 'Skinner box'?Both positive and negative reinforcement
- 24What is positive reinforcement?Where a person receives pleasant/positive consequences (rewards).
This increases the likelihood that the action would be repeated in the future. - 25What is negative reinforcement?This is where an unpleasant experience is removed as a result of the action. It then increases the desired response in the future.
- 26What is punishment?Negative stimulus.
It decreases the likelihood of the action being repeated in the future. - 27What are primary reinforcers?Behaviour that relies on reinforcers such as food.
(Food is the primary reinforcer) - 28What is a secondary reinforcer?A reinforcer such as money, house points, career, status, tokens and praise.
The secondary reinforcer is not itself rewarding but can be linked with a primary reinforcer (so is therefore rewarding). Example: house points can be exchanged for pencils - 29What is a schedule of reinforcement and how many different types are there?When investigating OC the reinforcement schedule can be varied to by providing food after a set number of times.
There are 4 different types. - 30What is a continuous reinforcement schedule? Give 2 disadvantagesEvery single response is reinforced.
- Response rate is low but steady
-Extinction can be bought about very quickly - 31What is fixed interval reinforcement schedule? 1 disadvantageThe reinforcement is given every 30 seconds (changes), as long as the response happens at least once during that time.
- Extinction occurs quite quickly - 32What is a variable interval reinforcement schedule? Adv/DisThe reinforcement is given on average every 30 seconds however this interval changes every trial. So the interval occasion is unpredictable.
+ Response rate is stable over long periods of time
- Extinction occurs very slowly and gradually (resistant to extinction) - 33What is a fixed ratio reinforcement schedule? 1 disadvantageReinforcement is given at fixed number of responses.
-Extinction occurs quickly - 34What is a variable ratio reinforcement schedule?Reinforcement given on average every 10 responses, but the number varies from trial to trial. So the occasion becomes unpredictable.
+ High and very steady response rate
+ Most resistant to extinction of all the schedules - 35Give an example of a continuous reinforcement schedule (in human behaviour)Receiving a tip from every customer served
Receiving a high grade for every assessment - 36Give an example of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule (in human behaviour)Being paid regularly (every week or month)
Giving yourself a 15min break for every hour of studying - 37Give an example of a variable interval reinforcement schedule (in human behaviour)Self-employed people that are paid irregularly (depending on when the customer pays for the product or service)
- 38Give an example of a fixed ratio reinforcement schedule (in human behaviour)Piece work (the more work done, the more money earned)
Commission (extra money for so many goods made or so many sales completed) - 39Give an example of a variable ratio reinforcement schedule (in human behaviour)Gambling
- 40What are the strengths of behaviourism?+ Their use of rigorous, experimental methods enhances the credibility of psychology as a science
+ Holds a strong argument for nature vs nurture
+ Provided a number of practical applications and techniques to shape behaviour (e.g. rewards) - 41What are the limitations of behaviourism?- It ignores the mental processes involved in learning (unlike cognitive)
- Rejects all biological factors that is nature is human behaviour
- Principles of CC and OC do not account for spontaneous learning/behaviour in humans
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- A Levels Psychology Karteikarten am Behaviourism - Printed, erstellt von Heidi C am 07/05/2015.
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- Heidi C
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