Karteikarten
Reasearch Methods
Karten in diesem Stapel (45)
- 1Structuralism(W. Wundt) the focus was on the contents of mental processes rather than their function. Mind built from elements. Introspection as a method.
- 2Functionalism(W. James) Focused on how mental activities helped an organism fit into its environment.
- 3British Psychological Society1901
- 4American Psychological Association1892
- 5Psychoanalysis(Sigmund and Ana Freud) focuses on the role of a person’s unconscious structures, as well as early childhood experiences.
- 6Behaviourism(Pavlov, Watson, Skinner) observing and controlling behaviour came to be known
- 7Gestalt Psychology(Wertheimer, Koffka, Köhler) deals with the fact that although a sensory experience can be broken down into individual parts, how those parts relate to each other as a whole is often what the individual responds to in perception.
- 8Genetic Epistemology(Piaget) origin of children knowledge
- 9Humanistic/Positive Psycho(Maslow, Rogers) emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans.
- 10Cognitive Revolutionmind processes that affect behaviour
- 11Biological revolutionlink between brain and behaviour
- 12Eugenicspractice or advocacy of improving the human species by selectively mating people with specific desirable hereditary traits
- 13Psychometricspsychological measurement
- 14experimental researchstudy that strictly adheres to a scientific research design
- 15correlational researchnon-experimental research method which studies the relationship between two variables with the help of statistical analysis
- 16Null HypothesisN0 no effect
- 17alternative hypothesisH1 effect
- 18Falsifiable HypothesisK. Popper. If it's possible to conceive of an experimental observation that disproves the idea
- 19Directional HypothesisYes or no. One tailed
- 20Non-directional hypothesisYes, and how? two-tailed
- 21Observational Studywhere researchers observe the effect of a risk factor, diagnostic test, treatment or other intervention without trying to change who is or isn't exposed to it
- 22Dependent variablevariable being tested
- 23Independent Variablevariable being manipulated
- 24control groupcomposed of participants who do not receive the experimental treatment
- 25correlationrelationship between two or more variables; when two variables are correlated, one variable changes as the other does
- 26cross-sectional researchcompares multiple segments of a population at a single time
- 27reliabilityconsistency and reproducibility of a given result
- 28validityaccuracy of a given result in measuring what it is designed to measure
- 29confounding variableunanticipated outside factor that affects both variables of interest, often giving the false impression that changes in one variable causes changes in the other variable, when, in actuality, the outside factor causes changes in both variables
- 30Reliabilityconsistency and reproducibility of a given result
- 31Hawthorne Effectparticipants do what they think they are supposed to
- 32placebo effectpeople's expectations or beliefs influencing or determining their experience in a given situation
- 33Within-subjects designtype of experimental design in which all participants are exposed to every treatment or condition
- 34Between-subject designstudy design: different people test each condition so that each person is only exposed to a single user interface
- 35Familywise errorthe probability of making at least one Type I Error
- 36P-valueThe probability of observing a particular outcome in a sample, or more extreme, under a conjecture about the larger population or process.
- 37Statistical significanceA result is statistically significant if it is unlikely to arise by chance alone.
- 38Null Hypothesis Significance Testing (NHST)method of statistical inference by which an experimental factor is tested against a hypothesis of no effect or no relationship based on a given observation
- 39File drawer problemPositive-results bias, a type of publication bias, occurs when authors are more likely to submit, or editors are more likely to accept, positive results than negative or inconclusive results.
- 40HARKingHypothesis after results known
- 41P-hackingrounding off p-value
- 42Non-sequitor fallacythe conclusion does not follow from the premises
- 43Red herring fallacylogical fallacy where someone presents irrelevant information in an attempt to distract others from a topic that's being discussed
- 44Straw man fallacywhen someone takes another person's argument or point, distorts it or exaggerates it in some kind of extreme way, and then attacks the extreme distortion as if that is really the claim the first person is making.
- 45slippery slope fallacythe argument in which a party asserts that a relatively small first step leads to a chain of related events culminating in some significant (usually negative) effect
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- Beschreibung
- Research methods from week 2, 3, 4
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- Nayet 123123
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