Karteikarten
Unit 6 - Module 46: Operant Conditioning
Karten in diesem Stapel (22)
- 1Unit Six - Module 46 Operant ConditioningOperant Conditioning
- 2operant conditioningIn operant conditioning, we learn to associate a response (our behaviour) and its consequence.
- 3law of effectEdward Thorndike's law that stated that behaviours followed by favourable consequences became more likely, and that behaviours that followed unfavourable consequences became less likely.
- 4operant chamber (Skinner box)The box has a bar or lever than an animal presses, or a key or disc that an animal pecks, to release a reward of food or water. It also has a device that records these responses. It was in this box that Skinner could cause animals to learn to associate particular behaviours with rewards through the process of reinforcement.
- 5shapingShaping is the operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers (rewards) guide behaviour toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behaviour.
- 6discriminative stimulusA discriminative stimulus is any stimulus that provides an organism with a cue for making a certain response in order to obtain reinforcement.
- 7reinforcementReinforcement is about increasing behaviour. This can be done in two ways: By adding a rewarding stimulus or by removing an averse stimulus.
- 8positive reinforcementPositive reinforcement is increasing behaviours by presenting rewarding stimuli. A rewarding stimulus is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.
- 9negative reinforcementNegative reinforcement is increasing behaviours by reducing or stopping aversive stimuli. An aversive stimulus is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response.
- 10primary reinforcerAn innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need.
- 11secondary (conditioned) reinforcerA stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer.
- 12delay of gratificationThe act of resisting an impulse to take an immediately available reward in the hope of obtaining a more-valued reward in the future. The ability to delay gratification is essential to self-regulation, or self-control.
- 13continuous reinforcement scheduleA continuous reinforcement schedule is one where the desired response is reinforced every time it occurs. With continuous reinforcement, learning occurs rapidly, which makes it the best choice for mastering a behaviour. But extinction also occurs rapidly.
- 14partial reinforcement scheduleA partial reinforcement schedule is one where the desired response is reinforced only part of the time. This results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement.
- 15fixed-interval scheduleFixed interval schedules reinforce the first response after a fixed period of time. Animals on this type of schedule tend to respond more frequently as the anticipated time for reward draws near.
- 16variable-interval scheduleVariable interval schedules reinforce the first response after varying time intervals. Animals on this type of schedule tend to persist with the behaviour until the unpredicted food reward final comes.
- 17fixed-ratio scheduleFixed ratio schedules reinforce behaviour after a set number of responses. If an animal is reinforced only after 30 responses, they will have a high rate of responding to get the reward, pause briefly after the reward, then return to a high rate of responding.
- 18variable-ratio scheduleVariable ratio schedules provide reinforcers after a seemingly unpredictable number of responses. An animal might be rewarded after an average of 20 behaviours; however, that means that sometimes it is rewarded at 10 responses and other times after 30 responses.
- 19punishmentPunishment is about decreasing behaviour. This can be done in two ways: By adding an aversive stimulus or by removing a rewarding stimulus.
- 20positive punishmentPositive punishment is decreasing behaviours by presenting aversive stimuli. An aversive stimulus is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, weakens the response.
- 21negative punishmentNegative punishment is decreasing behaviours by reducing or stopping rewarding stimuli. A rewarding stimulus is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, weakens the response.
- 22instinctive driftThe tendency of learned behaviour to gradually revert to biologically predisposed patterns.
Informationen
- Beschreibung
- Grade 12 Psychology (Unit Six - Learning) Karteikarten am Unit 6 - Module 46: Operant Conditioning, erstellt von Greg MacPherson am 13/02/2022.
- Erstellt von
- Greg MacPherson
- Aufrufe
- 303
- Bewertung