Karteikarten
5.2: Operant Conditioning
Karten in diesem Stapel (24)
- 1operant conditioninglearning process where the strength of a behaviour is modified by the consequences that follow it
- 2reinforcementstrengthens behaviour
reinforcer = stimulus that increases likelihood of behaviour being repeated - 3punishmentweakens behaviour
punisher = stimulus that decreases likelihood of behaviour being repeated - 4types of reinforcementpositive = addition of pleasant stimulus
negative = removal of unpleasant stimulus - 5types of punishmentaversive = addition of unpleasant stimulus
response cost = removal of pleasant stimulus - 6advantages of reinforcement- teaches 'correct' behaviour
- makes organism feel appreciated
- helps develop self-esteem
- increases motivation to perform 'correct' behaviour in future - 7limitations of punishment- doesn't teach a replacement behaviour that's 'correct'
- feelings of helplessness and frustration can develop
- punished behaviour is suppressed but not forgotten
- can reinforce behaviour of punisher
- can foster fear of authority figures
- teaches children that aggression is a way to solve problems - 8when punishment is effective:- when its brief
- when it immediately follows behaviour so its easily associated
- when a positive behaviour is taught to replace the negative one - 9contiguitytime lapse between behaviour and consequence
- affects association between consequence + behaviour
- can be timed further apart than CC but needs to be provided as close as possible to behaviour for association to occur - 10contingencyrelationship between response + reinforcer/punisher
- to be effective consequences must be consistent + appropriate
(appropriate bcos same consequence doesn't work for everyone) - 11reinforcement contingenciesdependencies = when reinforcer is dependent on response (e.g., food being dependent on pressing lever)
natural consequences = (e.g., opening door is contingent on pushing it)
accidental circumstances/superstitions = (e.g., having a good day is contingent on lucky socks) - 12shapingtechnique using positive reinforcement that develops increasingly complex behaviours
- rewarding small steps that slowly build towards a larger goal - 13preparednessorganisms learn/retain behaviours that draw on their biological predispositions easier than 'unnatural' ones
- 14acquisitionprocess of reinforcing/punishing behaviour
- 15performancebehaviours strengthens/weakens
- 16continuous reinforcementoccurs when reinforcer is given after every demonstration of desired behaviour
advantage = learning happens quickly
disadvantage = behaviour extinguishes fast after reinforcement stops - 17partial reinforcementonly some performances are reinforced
- interval schedules = time intervals that behaviour is performed
- ratio schedules = no. of times behaviour is performed
- fixed schedule = predictable
- variable schedule = unpredictable - 18fixed intervalreinforcement delivered at predictable intervals (e.g., paid each fortnight)
- performance drops until next interval approaches
- moderate response rate
- resistance to extinction increases as interval lengthens in time
- extinguished quickly when reinforcement stops - 19variable intervalreinforcement delivered at unpredictable intervals (e.g., social media likes)
- moderate + steady response rate
- more resistant to extinction than fixed interval - 20fixed ratioreinforcement delivered after predictable no. of responses (e.g., being paid by piecework)
- effective when learning something new
- relatively high response rate
- quickly extinguished when reinforcement stops - 21variable ratioreinforcement delivered after unpredictable no. of responses (e.g., gambling)
- useful when behaviour has already been learned
- high + steady response rate
- very resistant to extinction (addictive) - 22placebo effectoccurs when a person believes they are receiving real treatment + reports improvement on their condition
placebo = used as a baseline to test new treatment by comparing placebo results w actual results (to determine efficacy) - 23causes of placebo effect- high expectation that stimuli will have desired effect
- negative reinforcement = (headache pill removes negative stimulus + increases belief that pill will work even if its a placebo)
- positive reinforcement = (being convinced you're drinking alcohol by others + acting drunk) - 24behaviour modificationprocess of changing behaviours over long-term using reinforcement strategies
1. monitor amount of time spent currently doing behaviour
2. set a realistic goal
3. decide upon reinforcement schedule
4. start modification program
5. gradually remove reward - to determine whether behaviour has improved
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- South Australian Certificate of Education Psychology Karteikarten am 5.2: Operant Conditioning, erstellt von Michala Baldwin am 18/09/2022.
- Erstellt von
- Michala Baldwin
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