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Cold War
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- 1basicsokay
- 2what years were the cold war12 March 1947 – 26 December 1991
- 3what is the cold wara war with no direct fighting between the two countries, but a high level of tension between them due to the threats made from each side
war of words - 4who were the worlds superpowers after 1945soviet union
usa - 5what did both countries want to doprove their political ideology was the best (capitalism and communism)
- 6five methods used to compete with eachotherspies
media propaganda
finance
the arms face
the space race - 7capitalism- politics economy freedom of speech and censorshipdemocracy- several political parties and voting for who should be in power
economy- private ownership of industry, business able to make and keep profit, some wealthy some poor, trade with countries globally
freedoms- little censorship of media and freedom of speech - 8Communism- politics economy freedomspolitics- dictatorship only one party communist party no choice
economy- all industry and business owned by government, no private ownership, money shared for equality, trade only with other communists
freedoms- high levels of censorship, little freedom of speech - 9ConferencesOkay
- 10when are where were the three conferences between the ww2 allies (soviet union, usa, britain)Tehran Nov 1943
Yalta Feb 1945
Potsdam Jul 1945 - 11which leaders were at TehranChurchill
Roosevelt
Stalin - 12Land consequencesRussia keep land in eastern Europe eg. Poland if they won the war (taking land from Germany to weaken them)
- 13International consequencesInternational organisation should be created to settle disputes without war
- 14Military consequencesUSA and Britain launch second attack on Germany so German army would reduce troops in the east allowing Russia to make more land
- 15Five overall consequences-Russia getting everything it wanted eg. land for empire
-Britain feared losing its leading role in the world due to Russia being more powerful
- Improved west's relationship with Russia
-Conference being help near soviet union showed trust
-led to creation of united nations - 16Which leader were at YaltaChurchill
Roosevelt
Stalin - 17Political consequencesChurchill felt isolated and powerless Stalin and Roosevelt got on well and made most agreements
East europe fell into soviet sphere of influence there would be "elections" - 18Territorial consequencesGermany divided into four zones France UK USA USSR
Berlin also divided into these four zones - 19Economic consequencesReparations for Germany $20 million haf to go to USSR
- 204 overall consequences- disagreements about how much reparations Germany should pay
- Stalin wanted more land from Germany in the east not happy with small zone
- Russia not happy about elections held in their countries for leaders Stalin wanted dictatorship
- met in Russia showed trust and status - 21which leaders were at PotsdamAtlee (Churchill defeated in General election)
Truman (relaced Roosevelt)
Stalin - 22Territorial consequencessoviet troops not taken troops away from eastern Europe after war they wanted to stay
- 23political consequencesstalin set up communist government in Poland after promising not to do this
- 24military consequencesStalin refused to demilitarise his army when Britain and USA had reduced troop after war and Germany was completely demilitarised
- 25International relations consequencesStalin got on with Roosevelt Truman didn't trust him and wanted to stand up to Stalin more
- 26Technological consequencesUSA tested another atomic bomb in USA Stalin furious ghat he was not told or involved
- 27four main consequences- grand alliance couldn't agree on a lot Attlee and Truman less experienced with negation with Stalin
- Stalin didn't want democratic elections in countries under soviet control with made Truman start his get tough policy
- Truman saw red army as a threat to peace but unable to challenge Russia too much to avoid war
- highlighted differences between leaders and beliefs - 28Telegrams and atomic bombsokay
- 29when did Truman drop atomic bombs on JapanHiroshima and Nagasaki 6th aug 1945
- 30how many people did they kill120000
- 31what impact did this have on the cold warStalin felt threatened
bomb made USA look strong - 32how did Stalin respondtaking control of more land in Europe to create a buffer zone between east and west
Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary - 33Arms raceRussia hoped to prove that they could build their own atomic weapons now a competition
- 34Two telegrams send bu the diplomats were calledLong Telegram
Novikov telegram - 35who send the long telegramGeorge Kennan american diplomat in Moscow
- 36what did it saybelieved Stalin wanted to see destruction of capitalism
believed capitalist countries were a threat
Stalin didn't trust USA but would back down if faced with tough response from USA - 37consequence of long telegramfrom this point america carried out its policy of containment to stop the spread of communism
- 38who send the Novikov telegramRussian diplomat in America
- 39what did it sayUSA didn't trust Russian
Americans wanted to use massive military to dominate the world
not afraid of another war
Russia needed as much land in eastern Europe as possible for protection
USA wanted to destroy communism - 40Soviet Satellite states and Churchill's iron curtain speechokay
- 41why did USA and UK allow Stalin to stay in the previously German occupied countries after ww2stability stop uprising ect.
there were meant to be elections
Britain couldn't afford it because of war debt
to start with eastern Europe were happy with anyone who wasn't Hitler - 42when was Churchill's iron curtain speechmarch 1946
- 43where did he do his speech what did he sayIron curtain had descended across Europe behind the curtain were the states controlled by Stalin
clear that USSR was a threat to world peace and freedom
made clear he didn't like communist governments set up in Hungary Poland and Czechoslovakia - 44consequences of the speech- created more tension
- making speech in USA showed Churchill on their side
- led to both sides strengthened forces against each other - 45name six satellite statesEast Germany
Poland
Czechoslovakia
Hungary
Romanian
Bulgaria - 46East Germanygiven to Russia
no elections - 47Polandtaken over in 1947
communist government made after Warsaw uprising
no elections - 48Czechoslovakiataken over in 1948
communist government
no elections - 49Hungarytaken over 1949
Russians interfered with elections to ensure communist power - 50Romanian Bulgariaintimidated into voting communist in 1944
- 51why did Stalin want these Satellitecreate buffer zone
show strength
increase communist influence in Europe - 52Truman doctrine and Marshal planokay
- 53what was the Truman doctrinepresident Truman set of ideas to stop with influence of communism in Europe
- 54why was he worried about soviet influencered army still occupied much of europe and was a threat to peace
he was worried that eastern europe would easily accept communism because of the destruction and poverty caused by the war - 55what was truman's ideato give money and military aid to any countries in europe who wanted to fight communism
- 56when did he announce economic aid and how much did he promise12th march 1947
$400 million - 57what did he do in greece and turkeysend troops and money
- 58what did truman make clearcapitalism offered freedom and choice
he compared the two ideologies to good and evil - 59why could america afford the economic aidit joined the war late
- 60what was the Marshall plannamed after us secretary of state George Marshall
a plan to give money to countries in europe to rebuild after the war - 61six countries that aid was given tobritain, france, west germnay, belgium, italy, austria
- 62how much money did it give between 1948-52$12.7 billion
- 63what did the british foreign secretary call it"a lifeline to sinking me, giving hope where there was none"
- 64money was also offered to satellite states butstalin refused so that nothing was gained from america
- 65what did stalin call the marshall plan he claimed they were trying todollar imperialism
create an american empire in europe by giving out free money - 66impactfriendly grand alliance gone
mistrust
each believed the other was trying to take over europe
usa directly in opposition to the soviet union
iron curtain seemed very real - 67Cominform and Comeconokay
- 68why did cominform and comecon come aboutit was stalins response the the truman doctrine and the marshall plan
- 69when was cominform set up when as comecon set upsep 1947
1949 - 70what was cominform how many members did it havethe communist information bureau
9 - 71who were the nine membersBulgaria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Yugoslavia, community party of France, Italy, Soviet Union
- 72four things cominform did-gave stalin control over information given to governments
- ensured rules and orders given in moscow were carried out in each country eg don't accept marshall plan
- political communication with non-communist countries was discouraged
- anti-west propaganda was spread - 73what was comeconthe council for mutual economic assistance
alternative to capitalist marshall plan - 74four things comecon did- helped economies and industries of satellite states to prove communism worked
-arranged trade, lending or borrowing with other communist countries
- introduced a five year plan fro each member to give all business and industry to government
- trade with capitalist countries banned - 75Bulgaria's trade with other communist countries increased from __% to __% from 1930s to 1950110 to 90
- 76the impacts of cominform and commecon- highlight difference between capitalism and communism
- increased tension n competition
- propaganda on both sides increased
- west created NATO c - 77Berlin Crisis, The Berlin Blockade and The Berlin Airliftokay
- 78where in germany was berlinin the soviet section
- 79military checkpoints were there tocontrol movement of people between zones
- 80what did an informal agreement statesupplies needed in west berlin could be transported without challenge
- 81when was the berlin blockadejune 1948
- 82what did stalin doused troops to blockade goods from coming into the west
- 83why did he do thishe was angry because britain france and usa united their zones to make trizonia and within this area created a new currency called the Deutschmark to make trade easier
he also thought he hadn't been told about these changes and they were uniting against him to make him look weak - 84three reasonsquick response to trizonia creation
to stave west berliners so that the west would allow him to take control
to show strength - 85how did truman responduse aircraft to get food fuel and supplies in
- 86why was this riskysoviets may shoot their planes don
- 87how many supplies were flown across and when17000 tonnes
june 1948 and may 1949 - 88this was known asthe berlin airlift
- 89was it successfulyes stalin gave in and ordered the blockade to end
- 90five consequences-stalin looked weak and many close communist leaders criticised him for giving up
- proved western powers could defeat stalin using peaceful tactics
- trizonia became officially the federal republic of germany due to fears about future soviet threat
- oct 1949 stalin made east germany or german democratic republic
- western powers created nato - 91NATO and the Warsaw pactokay
- 92when was NATO createdoct 1948
- 93whycommunism was a bigger threat after stalin attempted control of berlin
stalin had successfully taken over Czechoslovakia in 1948 - 94what was NATONorth Atlantic Treaty Organization
- 95what was agreed in april 1949if any nato members were attacked all other members would help
- 96what did the soviets think of thismore evidence of USA trying to show strength and influence Europe
- 97consequencesUS soldiers present in europe and called upon at any time to fight soviet threat
- 98when was the warsaw pact createdmay 1955
- 99reasons why- response to NATO
- 1955 west germany was made a member of NATO which was a threat
- western troops stationed along boarder of Soveit union - 100who were its 8 members they were known as they also promisedSoviets, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, East Germany
THE EASTERN BLOCK
to help each other of attacked - 101what did NATO think of thisanother soviet threat
- 102consequences- military opposition very real and war in europe was a strong possibility
- 103arms race 1950sokay
- 104the arms race was all aboutcompetition for nuclear superiority
both sides competed to develop and test the most powerful nuclear weapons - 105two new leaders who when and whyPresident Eisenhower, 1953, elected
Nikita, 1956, Stalin had died in 1952 - 106Rather than developing weapons to win a warthe weapons were used as a deterrent
a force to prevent something from happening - 107costboth countries spent huge amounts of money to stay ahead of eachother
- 108what does MAD stand for and meanMutually assured destruction
from early 1950s both countries had such powerful nuclear weapons that they could destroy earth several times over and starting war would have extreme consequences for both sides - 109Status and Prideboth countries had a lot of conventional weapons but the use of atomic bombs on Japan proved that these weapons gave more power and status
- 110Propagandawhoever had the most powerful nuclear weapon could promote this and show hat capitalism or communism was better
- 111four reasons for hope for peaceKrushchevs opening speech
War in Korea
Money
Austria 1955 - 112Krushchevs opening speechin his first speech he openly criticised some of Stalin's policies and ideas and suggested more peace and less hostility between east and west
he believed they could peacefully coexist - 113War in Koreathe war between North Korea supported by USSR and South Korea supported by USA had ended
- 114Moneyrealistically both countries could not afford arms race much longer
- 115Austria 1955a meeting of both sides went peacefully despite not fully agreeing on a final outcome on how to help Austria
- 116what ended with hope for peacewest germany joining NATO in 1955 and the formation of the Warsaw pact
- 117Timeline-1945
1949
1952
1953
June 1957
August 1957 - 1181945USA first to create and use atomic bomb on Japan
- 1191949Stalin had pushed Soviet union and they had created their first atomic bomb
- 1201952in response america made 1000x more powerful hydrogen bomb
- 1211953Soviets created own hydrogen bomb
- 122June 1957ICBM- inter continental ballistic missiles created by USA
meant they could fire a nuclear bomb 4500km away, far enough to reach Soviet Union - 123August 1957ICBM- inter continental ballistic missiles created by Russia
meant they could fire a nuclear bomb far enough to reach mainland USA - 124Hungarian uprising 1956okay
- 125when did hungarians "vote" in a communist government1949
- 126was this election fair? what were its impcts?no voters were intimidated
communist party only party in Hungary dictatorship - 127four reasons Hungarians were unhappy- not vote
- no freedom of speech
- fuel and food shortages due to poor harvests and supplies being taken by russia
- Hungarian leader was brutal nicknamed the bald butcher - 128what did they doprotest in Budapest tore down statue of Stalin
- 129how did soviets respondKrushchev sent in red army with tanks to stop riots
tried to please them by giving them a new leader Imre Nagy who was still communist but would allow more freedom - 130Nagys rolewanted democratic elections
asked for political prisoners to be free and for the red army to be removed - 131Kruschevs reactionhappy for these changes to happen on the condition that the people stayed calm and that they joined the Warsaw pact to that they could squash rebellion quickly
- 132what did Nagy do in nov 1956told soviet union they would leave warsaw pact
- 133how did Kruschev reactnot a happy bunny
other countries might leave the alliance too
invaded Hugary - 134when did the Soviets invade Hungary what happened4th nov 1956
red army sent to budapest
hungarians including women and children took up arms against the red army in what was known as the hungarian uprising - 135why did USA not helpdespite being offered marshall plan usa didnt help military wise
didn't want to interfere too much with countries already taken over my USSR
too risky might start nuclear war - 136five short term consequences- uprising failed hungary taken over with force by red army's 200000 troops
- red army brutal 3000 hungarians killed in uprising
- over 1000 russian troops killed
- nagy and several supporters were executed
- kruschev called nagy's death a warning to the leaders of all communist countries who threatened to leave warsaw pact - 137six long term impacts- kruschev seemed more powerful
- new stronger communist leader appointed in hungary
- showed eastern european states that USA wouldn't help despite promises making kruschev more confident
- USA took in 80000 refugees and offered medical aid
- Krushchev could be more aggressive in eastern europe
- USA looked weak - 138berlin ultimatum and sumit meetingsokay
- 139by when had berlin been officially divided into wet and east1958
- 140west berlin had financial aid frommarshall aid
- 141east germany sufferedfood shortag and lack of basic goods
lack of freedom of peech and censorhsip - 142how many east germans left to west germany3 million
or 1/6 - 143how did they do itgo to west berlin and then move on
- 144what was it called when the skilled workers did this why did theythe berlin brain drain east german
they would earn more money - 145why wasn't krushchev happy with thisembarrassing showed they prefered capitalism
he needed skilled workers to help economy - 146what was his planto own all of berlin it was in the east and he wanted to look strong after hungarian uprising
- 147when did he issue his berlin ultimatumnov 1958
- 148what were the termswestern troops removed
berlin should be a free city controlled by soviets
all this was to happen in 6 weeks or he threatened to take over all transport routes - 149how did the west reactannoyed soviet aggression
- 150by the late ... both sides had enough lots of nuclear weapons1950s
- 151when were the summit meetings1959-1961
- 152when was Geneva Where did they meet What happenedmay 1959
switserland
put ideas forward no agreement made eisenhower invited krushchev to usa for further talks - 153Camp David when where what happenedSep 1959
USA
both presidents met face to face for the first time they got on well personally
Krushchev took away Ultimatum terms but no further agreement about what should happen to berlin - 154Paris when where whatmay 1960
France
USSR just shot down american spy-plane flying over them
eisenhower refused to apologise and Krushchev walked out of meeting nothing achieved - 155who was the spy what did the usa claim it wasGary Powers
"weather plane gone offf track" - 156Vienna when where whatjune 1961
austria
kennedy new president wanted to keep building up military but also wanted to work hard to negotiate with the soviets
krushchev wanted to prove he was better than the young inexperienced kennedy and get his own waywent back to berlin ultimatum idea
kennedy refused to give in talks ended with no agreement again - 157how much did kennedy increase military spendingby exra 2billion dollors
strong message that usa would use military if needed - 158consequences of berlin ultimatum:)
- 159summit meetings led to no agreement or compromise but both sides wanted to avid war so krushchevbuilt berlin wall 1961
- 160many more eastern germans crossed the boarder becausethey feared kruschev would close it
- 161august 1961 in one day .... people left40000
- 162what did krushchev orderthe soldiers put up a barbed wire fence around berlin to stop anyone leaving
there would - 163there would be one crossing point very strictly controlled calledcheckpoint charlie
- 164a concrete wall was built which would be how long165km long around city
- 165by.... noone could cross tanks guarded and orders were given to shoot anytone attempting to crossoct 1961
- 166impactsokay
- 167how many people killed by boarder guards130
- 168wall erected so quickly that families were divided the wall cut through cities and streets and even buildingsokay
- 169what did west berlin fire service dohelped many escape through windows providing blankets for them to land on
- 170how was the wall structureddouble wall with no mans land between where minefields brbed wire lookout towers and machine nests were built
- 171it became a symbolof the divide between eat and west churchills iron curtain
- 172neg consequences for soviet unionkruschev didnt control all of berlin
looked bad as they had to lock people in to stop them leaving
british french and us troops stayed in berlin - 173pos consequences for soviet unionstopped people leaving
showed they wouldnt give up
krushchev shown strenth and made him confident enough to send soviet missiles into cuba - 174neg consequences for USAsoviet union closed boader without permission and made kennedy look weak
nothing he could do without starting a war to remove it - 175pos consequences for USAusa poured more money into west berlin to make it look even better and it became a symbol of freedom from communism
kennedy became hero whn he visted west berlin in 1963 - 176neg consequences for relationshiptwo sides arguing about berlin since end of ww2
churchills speech came true
there was a divide for 28 yearsuntil it came down in 1989 - 177pos consequences for relationshipdefinitive divide less likely that war would ahppen
wall was better tan war said kennedy
reduce tension was it was a stale mate wern they couldnt do much but all out war - 178what happened when kennedy visited west berlin in 1963treated like rock star routes covered with flowers and people chanted his name
kennedy praised freedom of west and said "i am a citizen of berlin"
proved he wasnt soft on communism
sybol of his desire to keep berlin as part of west - 179cuban revolution was what year1959
- 180government taken over by two revolutionaries calledChe Guevara and Fidek Castro
- 181castro was communist and sided with krushchev so kennedy wantedto remove him from power
- 182but kennedy didnt want to invade cuba sohe persuaded ex cuban citizens to attempt revolution in the bay of pigs
- 183when was the bay of pigsapril 1961
- 184cuba now hatedusa and its power over cuba
- 185what happened to americans in cubathey lost land and it was given to the government and left
- 186usa was worried about losingtrade links with cuba
- 187castro made an agreement with krushchev in1960
- 188what was in the agreementcuba would allow ussr weapons to be based there
and
soviets brought cuban sugar in return for economic aid - 189how far away was cuba from usa145miles
- 190when did eisenhoer ban all trade with cuba1960
- 191when did all political realtionships end1961
- 192who planned bay of pigsCIA
- 193why did ex cubans do itto look like usa had nothing to do with it
- 194how many ex cubans invaded1400
- 195they aimed toremove castro from power and put usa in
- 196why did it failthey had little military experience
usa not able to use own military else it would look like they were attacking
castro found out and had 20000 cuban soldiers waiting to fight
no support from cubans - 197when was the cuban missile crisis1962
- 198spy planes took images of.... in cubalaunch pads for medium range ballistic missiles
- 199CIA told kennedy that they thoughta soviet fleet of ships which were headed to cuba were carrying the missiles
- 200how long until the missiles would be ready2 weeks
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- GCSE History Karteikarten am Cold War, erstellt von Jemma Wills am 12/10/2022.
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- Jemma Wills
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- Erstellt von Jemma Wills · 12 Okt 2022
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