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The Cold War

aishanamouni Subjects - Englisch 139 Karten

The Cold War

Karten in diesem Stapel (139)

  1. 1When did The Cold War start?1943
  2. 2When did The Cold War end?1991
  3. 3When was the Tehran conference?November 1943
  4. 4Who was involved in the Tehran conference?Stalin (USSR), Churchill (Britain), Roosevelt (USA). They were also know as 'The Big 3'Who was involved in the Tehran conference?
  5. 5What was the Tehran conference all about?-The allies wanted to hold a conference to discuss how to attack and defeat Germany
    -The UK and USA said that they would open a "second front" which meant that they would attack Germany from the west whilst Russia would be attacking from the East
    -Russia also agreed that they would declare war against Japan as soon as Germany was defeated
  6. 6How did the Tehran conference effect relations between the USA and USSR?Overall, relations were good because the allies agreed to stay in close contact in the future. However, Stalin was angry with the allies because Russia had been fighting the Germans since 1941 and had lost millions of soldiers
  7. 7When was the Yalta conference?February 1945
  8. 8Who was involved in the Yalta conference?Stalin (USSR), Churchill (Britain), Roosevelt (USA)Who was involved in the Yalta conference?
  9. 9What was the Yalta conference all about?-The conference was held to decide what to with Germany after they had defeated it
    They agreed that:
    -Germany would be divided into 4 zones
    -Berlin would be divided into 4 zones
    -The countries freed from the Germans would be able to have free and democratic elections
    -The USSR would declare war on Japan
    Poland would take land from Germany and give some to Russia
    They disagreed on:
    -How much Germany should pay in reparations (compensation) to the USSR. Stalin wanted a much higher figure than Roosevelt or Churchill so they decided to discuss this at a later conference
    -They also disagreed on Poland because Stalin wanted it to become communist to help protect the USSR from Germany. However, the allies persuaded him to allow free elections
  10. 10How did the Yalta conference effect relations between the USA and USSR?Overall their relation was good because they agreed on all the key points. Also, Stalin and Roosevelt felt that they trusted each other
  11. 11When was the Potsdam conference held?July 1945
  12. 12Who was involved in the Potsdam conference?Stalin (USSR), Attlee (Britain), Truman (USA)Who was involved in the Potsdam conference?
  13. 13Why did the members change during the Potsdam conference?In April 1945, Roosevelt died so he was replaced with Truman (USA). Truman didn't trust Stalin and was determined to stand up to the Soviet Union.
    Also, Churchill was replaced halfway through the Potsdam conference by Attlee because he had lost the UK general elections
  14. 14Why was the Potsdam conference held?-The allies were successful in defeating Germany so the Potsdam conference was held to finally decide what to with her
    -Also, the allies needed to finish off discussing issues such as reparations
  15. 15What was the main points agreed during the Potsdam conference?The allies agreed that:
    -Germany would be divided into 4 zones
    -Berlin would be divided into four zones
    -All the decisions on the future of Germany would be taken together
    -Members of the Nazi party were to be punished
    -The United Nations would be set up to keep peace
    -They agreed that Germany should pay reparations to the USSR
  16. 16Why was there less agreement at Potsdam than Yalta?Between Yalta and Potsdam, Stalin had set up a communist government in Poland even though the Poles didn't want it. This went against what was agreed during the Yalta conference because he said he would allow free elections.
  17. 17What were the consequences of the Potsdam conference?-After the conference, Stalin became suspicious of the other allies. This is because at Yalta they agreed Eastern Europe would be his 'sphere of influence'. However, the new leaders didn't like the idea of communism so he knew that they would interfere.
    -After the conference, Truman began a 'get tough' policy against Russia because he was angry that Stalin wasn't allowing free elections
    -After the conference, Stalin was scared that Germany would become strong again which made him determined to create a 'buffer zone' of friendly countries in Eastern Europe
  18. 18How did the Potsdam conference effect relations?Overall, the Potsdam conference made relations worse because the USA became suspicious of Russia as they wouldn't allow free election and thought they were trying to make these countries communist.
  19. 19What is meant by a satellite state?A satellite state is a country in Eastern Europe which is under the influence of the communist government (USSR)
  20. 20What is meant by a buffer zone?A buffer zone is an area which separates and protects a country from the enemies. By 1948 Stalin had successfully created a buffer zone of satellite states to protect Russia from Germany.
  21. 21Why did Stalin want to take control of Eastern European countries?It would help them create a buffer zone for the USSR so that they would be protected from enemies
    They would be surrounded by a=friendly countries which would provide them with ready made markets for their goods (boost their economy)
  22. 22What is meant by 'The iron curtain'?The iron curtain was a metaphor used by prime minister Churchill in 1946 to describe the way in which Europe was being split into two halves, one half capitalist and the other communist. The term symbolized the efforts the USSR took in order to block itself and its satellite states from open contact with the West and non-Soviet-controlled areas.What is meant by 'The iron curtain'?
  23. 23What was Truman worried about in 1947?Truman began to become worried that Stalin would try to make lots of countries communist. He was also worried that communism would spread past the 'iron curtain'.
  24. 24Why had Greece become so important to Britain and the USA?-After WW2 there were 2 rival groups in Greece: the monarchists (who wanted the king to stay in power) and the communists.
    -A civil war developed in 1947 because in 1945 Churchill sent British troops to Greece in order to support the monarchists.
    -Britain couldn't afford the cost for another war, so they announced that they would remove the troops.
    -Truman decided to step in because he didn't want Greece to become communist. He did this by paying for soldiers to help support the Kings government in Greece. This managed to stop the communists from taking over.
  25. 25What was the Truman Doctrine?The Truman Doctrine was an American foreign policy made in 1947 as a consequence to the civil war which occurred in Greece. Truman promised that the USA would provide both financial and military support to any country which was being threatened by another. He didn't say so, but he meant communism.What was the Truman Doctrine?
  26. 26What was meant by 'containment'?Truman was scared that the Soviet Union was spreading communism across Eastern Europe so he wanted to prevent it from spreading further which became known as containment.
  27. 27What was the Communist Information Bureau?The communist information bureau was also known as cominform which was set up in 1947 by Stalin to link all the communist countries together. This encouraged them to support each other and strengthen the power of communism worldwide.
  28. 28Why did Truman introduce the Marshall plan in 1947?-The USA wanted to help Europe recover economically from WW2 because Truman thought that people wouldn't want to turn to communism
    -The European countries which recovered would be able to trade with the USA and buy their products which would boost Americas economy
    -The USA wanted to stop the spread of communism especially because Stalin was encouraging communism worldwide since he set up cominform
  29. 29What was the Marshall plan?The Marshall plan was developed in 1947 to provide financial aid for Europe. It was designed to help European countries (East and West) recover from WW2 by providing money, equipment and goods to them. Countries who accepted the Marshall aid had to agree to trade with the USA.
  30. 30What were the consequences of the Marshall plan?By 1953 the USA had provided $17 billion to help European countries rebuild their economies. However, Europe had become more firmly divided between East and West since Stalin prevented some countries like Poland and Czechoslovakia from taking the Marshall aid.
  31. 31What happened to the countries who took the Marshall aid?The countries who took Marshall aid had to join the OEEC (Organisation for European Economic Co-operation)
  32. 32How did the Marshall plan effect relations?The USSR began to become suspicious of the USA because they thought they were trying to spread capitalism by giving out financial aid. It also created tension because Stalin began accusing the USA of trying to control Europe.
  33. 33What did Stalin set up as a rival to the Marshall plan?Stalin set up Comecon (The council for Mutual assistance) in 1949 to encourage the economic development of Eastern European countries. This meant that countries in Eastern Europe did not have access to the wealth products from Western Europe because the organisation prevented trade.What did Stalin set up as a rival to the Marshall plan?
  34. 34What were the causes of The Berlin Blockade?In 1947, the USA and UK joined their zones together into one zone called Bizonia. Later, in 1948 the French zone was also added to create Trizonia. To help the economy for Trizonia, Britain, France and the USA agreed to create a new currency called the Deutschmark but the Soviet Union was not consulted about these actions.
  35. 35What was the Berlin Blockade?Berlin was right in the middle of the soviet zone and any supplies from the West had to travel through certain routes to bet to the Western Zones of the city. Stalin wanted to force the West out of Berlin so that he could control the whole city. On the 24th of June 1948, the USSR blocked all roads, canals and railway lines from West Germany and West Berlin (Trizonia). This meant West Berlin would not have any supplies like food or fuel.What was the Berlin Blockade?
  36. 36What was the Berlin Airlift?The people in West Berlin needed 4000 tons of food and 4000 tons of fuel supplies each day in order to survive the blockade. On the 26th June 1948, the allies (USA, Britain and France) started flying in these supplies. Stalin didn't want to shoot down the aircraft's because he was afraid a 3rd World War would occur. By the Spring of 1949, 8000 tons of supplies were being provided each day. Stalin ended the Blockade in May 1949 because the USA were not going to give up.What was the Berlin Airlift?
  37. 37How did the Berlin Blockade and Airlift effect relations?It created a lot of tension between the USA and USSR. The event also made the divisions of Germany and Berlin more permanent than the allies had intended. This shows that the agreements made in Potsdam were broken and Germany wouldn't be able to recover.
  38. 38What was the Federal Republic of Germany?FRG was created after the Berlin blockade and airlift in May 1949. They had previously been called 'Trizonia' (so USA,Britain and Frances region of Germany). FGR used Marshall aid to rebuild its economy and their currency was Deutschemark. The capital city for the FRG was Bonn. They were the richest country in the Eastern blocWhat was the Federal Republic of Germany?
  39. 39What was the German Democratic Republic?The GDR was created in October 1949 by Stalin and covered the whole of East Germany.Their capital city was East Berlin and their currency was Ostmark (East Mark)What was the German Democratic Republic?
  40. 40Why was NATO created?NATO was created as a consequence to the Berlin Blockade because the USA felt that they needed to defend themselves against the USSR. NATO's main purpose was to prevent Soviet expansion.
  41. 41What was NATO?NATO (The North Atlantic Treaty Organisation) was created in 1949. 12 countries joined NATO including Britain and France. These countries agreed to fight together if one of them were to be attacked.
  42. 42What did organisation was developed to balance out the threat of NATO?In 1955, West Germany joined NATO which frightened the USSR because West Germany could be armed with weapons (so could easily attack them). As a result to this, Khrushchev created an organisation called the Warsaw Pact in 1955. Members of the Warsaw pact were meant to support each other if they were attacked.
  43. 43What was the arms race?The arm race began in 1952 and on wards to see who could build the most nuclear weapons. The arms race was also about who could build the best bombs.What was the arms race?
  44. 44What are some key facts about the arms race?In 1952, the USA tested the first Hydrogen bomb which was 1000 times more powerful than the Atomic bomb. Each side suspected that the other aimed to build up their weapons to make a "first strike" which would prevent the other side from firing back. In 1953, both countries had H-bombs but by 1955, the USSR had tested a new bomb called "Sakharov's Third Idea" and both sides were using lithium instead of hydrogen because it was easier to transport. Overall, America was spending the most money on nuclear weapons however.
  45. 45What is an ICBM and when was it developed?ICBMS stand for Inter-continental ballistic missiles. They were missiles which could be launched from one continent to land in another. In May 1957, the USSR developed their first ICBM. By 1959, USA had developed more effective ICBMs. At this point both sides were at risk because they could be attacked from further away.What is an ICBM and when was it developed?
  46. 46What was Sputnik?The soviets had launched their Sputnik satellite in October 1957 which could orbit around the Earth. This shocked the USA because the USSR advanced in the 'space race' by sending the first man to space in 1961.What was Sputnik?
  47. 47What were ABMS?Anti Ballistic Missiles were a certain type of missile which could shoot down ballistic missiles from the sky and stop them from hitting. Both the USSR and USA were using ABMS during the 1950s and 1960s. However, both sides felt that they needed to work harder to produce weapons that could avoid ABMS.What were ABMS?
  48. 48What was Mutually Assured destruction?MAD was the belief that both the USSR and USA had so many weapons that if either attacked, both sides would be completely destroyed. This also meant that both the USA and the USSR would be less likely to attack on another as they didn't want to destroy themselves. The ideology came into use during the 1960s.
  49. 49What were Stalins 4 methods of gaining control of Eastern European countries?Purge- Stalin got rid of political opponents by sending them to prison or killing them
    Terror- People feared that if they disagreed or criticized Stalin they would be punished
    Propaganda- Posters and newspapers were put up to show how great Stalin was
    The cult of propaganda- This encouraged everyone to love Stalin even more than communism itself
  50. 50When did Stalin die?Stalin died in March 1953
  51. 51Who replace Stalin?Stalin was replaced by KhruschevWho replace Stalin?
  52. 52How was Khrushchev different to Stalin?Khrushchev criticized Stalin for his brutal treatment of Russian people under communism in his "secret speech".
  53. 53What were Khrushchev's new ideas?Khrushchev introduced "peaceful co-existence" which was the idea that the USSR and USA would exist peacefully side by side and the USSR wouldn't try to destroy capitalism but instead keep proving that communism was better.
    As part of co-existence, Khrushchev began a policy of "De-Stalinisation" of the Soviet Union. This meant relaxing some of Stalin's strict communist rules such as allowing more freedom and less censorship of books and films.
  54. 54When was the Hungarian uprising?1956When was the Hungarian uprising?
  55. 55Who was Rakosi?Rakosi was the prime minister of Hungary and he was seen as a 'mini Stalin'. He used terror and brutality to keep control, killing 2000 people in purges, imprisoning 200,000 and using the AVH (secret police) to spy on people. He was very controlling which made him unpopular so he was removed from power in July 1956.Who was Rakosi?
  56. 56What caused the Hungarian uprising?Under Rakosi's control, Hungarians living standards were falling and they didn't have any democratic rights or freedoms. Also, in school children had to learn Russian instead of Hungarian. Hungary was not allowed to take Marshall Aid and communism had banned religion. Since Rakosi was removed from power in 1956, it gave Hungarians the chance to protest.
  57. 57Why were Hungarians protesting?The Hungarian people were protesting because they wanted more freedom and they wanted to become an independent country like Yugoslavia.Why were Hungarians protesting?
  58. 58What happened during the Hungarian uprising?On the 23rd of October 1956, students demonstrated in Budapest, the capital city of Hungary. They demanded free elections, free press and the withdrawal of the Red Army (soviet troops who controlled Hungary after WW2). A statue of Stalin was pulled down and dragged through the streets.What happened during the Hungarian uprising?
  59. 59Who took Rakosi's place?During the uprising there was a back and forth change in leaders between Khrushchev and Nagy. The Hungarian people were more fond of Nagy than Khrushchev.
  60. 60What happened after the Hungarian demonstration in October 1956?After the demonstration, Khrushchev sent Soviet troops and tanks to Budapest to restore peace. However, on the 25th of October the tanks killed 12 people. Khrushchev then made Nagy prime minister again to calm the Hungarian people down.
  61. 61What did Nagy do whilst he was in power?Nagy removed the Soviet tanks but then released 30 political prisoners and set out his programme of reform (political changes). Nagy even asked president Eisenhower for help because he wanted Hungary to be withdrawn from the Warsaw Pact. However, Khrushchev was not going to allow this.What did Nagy do whilst he was in power?
  62. 62What did Khruschev do afterOn the 4th of November, Khrushchev sent 200,000 soviet troops and 6000 tanks to stop the protesters. 20,000 Hungarians were killed during this process before a ceasefire (signal to stop the fighting) was agreed 6 days after.
  63. 63Who was the president of America from 1953 to 1961?President EisenhowerWho was the president of America from 1953 to 1961?
  64. 64Who was elected as prime minister of Hungary after the uprising?Janos KadarWho was elected as prime minister of Hungary after the uprising?
  65. 65What happened to Nagy after the uprising?He was arrested by Kadar and was sent to prison. Later on, Kadar ordered him to be taken to Romania and was then shot in 1958
  66. 66What were the outcomes of the Hungarian uprising?The uprsing showed that the USA wouldn't interfere with countries in the Soviet 'sphere' of Eastern Europe. It also demonstrated that any satellite state thinking of breaking away from the USSR would suffer serious consequence as there were limits to Khrushchevs idea of De-Stalinisation since the USSR regained control of Hungary. Also, 200,000 Hungarians fled the country as refugees because the USSR was too controlling.
  67. 67Why was the Hungarian uprising so important?It was important because it showed that the USA were hypocrites as Nagy asked the United Nations for help because they had the money to start a war but never helped the countries under the threat of the USSR like they said they would in the Truman Doctrine.
  68. 68Why did Khrushchev want to remove the allies from West Berlin?West Berlin was capitalist and it was a symbol of success of Western Europe within the communist area of East Germany.
  69. 69What was Khrushchev's 'ultimatum' all about?In November 1958, Khrushchev demanded the Western powers to withdraw from Berlin and make it a 'Neutral City' (controlled by no-one). He made it clear that if they did not do this East Germany would take control of the whole city. Khrushchev gave the USA 6 months to agree. However in May 1959, Khrushchev withdrew this deadline because the allies still wouldn't agree to leave.
  70. 70Where did Khrushchev and Eisenhower meet informally?In September 1959, both Khrushchev and Eisenhower spent a few days at Camp David (a country house where the American presidents had informal meetings). Here they made no official agreement regarding Berlin but said that they would meet in Paris the following year.
  71. 71What happened at the Paris summit?In May 1960, a conference was held with Khrushchev and Eisenhower. However 9 days before the conference, a U2 spy plane was show down and the USSR discovered that the USA had been taking photos of secret missile sites in Russia. At the conference, Khrushchev demanded and apology from Eisenhower but he refused. Khrushchev was so angry that he stormed out of the meeting and Eisenhower canceled his planned trip to the USSR.What happened at the Paris summit?
  72. 72Who became the president of America in 1961?John F. KennedyWho became the president of America in 1961?
  73. 73What did Khrushchev do after Kennedy became president?Khrushchev arranged a new summit with the president Kennedy. Khruschev thought he would be able to bully Kennedy because he was so young.
  74. 74What ahppened at the Vienna summit?In June 1961, Khrushchev and Kennedy met at the Vienna conference. Khrushchev demanded that all American troops should leave West Berlin but Kennedy refused.
  75. 75What happened after the Vienna conference in regards to the spending of nuclear weapons?Kennedy said he would increase the amount of money the USA would be spending on nuclear weapons by $3 billion. Due to this, Khrushchev said he would increase the USSR's spending too.
  76. 76Why did Khrushchev build the Berlin wall?Berlin had been a problem for the USSR because thousands of people had fled from East Berlin (communist) to West Berlin (capitalist). In 1961, the number of refugees leaving East Berlin to the West had increased to 20,000 per month. Many of the people who left Berlin were professionals who hoped to make more money in the West under the capitalist system. This meant that there were less skilled workers in East Germany, which shows the area would get poorer in the future. This was also known as 'the brain drain'. Also, West Germany was richer than the East and the USSR saw this as a military threat as they feared Germany would grow strong and attack them again.
  77. 77What was the Berlin wall?In August 1961, a brick wall was made around East Berlin and West Berlin which became known as The Berlin wall. This wall was topped with barbed wire and guarded with watchtowers, machine guns and mines to prevent people from crossing the wall.What was the Berlin wall?
  78. 78Why was the building of the Berlin Wall so important?The Berlin wall was so important because it successfully stopped the 'brain drain' by preventing skilled Germans from leaving to the West. They did this by shooting down anyone who tried to cross the wall. It was also important because it showed that the USSR broke the agreement made in 1949 about the running of Berlin. Since Kennedy didn't want to go to war with the USSR he didn't try to take the wall down. This caused a long term effect because it meant that Berlin became permanently divided. Also, the wall had caused families to be divided and split apart.
  79. 79When did Kennedy visit West Berlin?Kennedy visited West Berlin in August 1963. He made a speech and said that the Berlin Wall showed that Eastern European people had to be trapped in order to keep them communist. He spoke of West Berlin as a symbol of freedom.
  80. 80How did the Berlin Wall effect relations?It effect relations negatively because it increased further tension as the Berlin Wall had become a symbol of the cold war as 'iron curtain' had now become reality which is what the USA was afraid of.
  81. 81Who was Fidel Castro?The Prime minister of Cuba in the 1960sWho was Fidel Castro?
  82. 82Why did Cuba become a problem for the USA in 1961 in regards to The Bay of Pigs?There was a revolution that took place which was led by Fidel Castro and he wanted to throw out all of the USA's business. As a result of this, Eisenhower refused to buy Cuban sugar.
  83. 83How did the Soviet Union become involved with Cuba in regards to The Bay of Pigs?The soviets offered to buy Cuban sugar instead of the USA so this caused the USA to break off relations with Cuba since the USSR had become friendly with them.
  84. 84What happened in regards to the Bay of Pigs just before Eisenhower's presidency ended?Eisenhower planned to overthrow Castro's government by training Cuban exiles and help them invade Cuba and take over. The exiles were men who had left Cuba in 1959 when Castro took control. Kennedy wanted to carry on with the plan in 1961 when we was elected as president. The exiles were trained by the CIA (costing $45 million) and there were 1500 exiles who were ready to carry out with the plan.What happened in regards to the Bay of Pigs just before Eisenhower's presidency ended?
  85. 85Did the Bay of Pigs invasion work?The invasion was a complete disaster because Castro had become very popular in Cuba. The attack was supposed to be a surprise but Castro knew the exiles were coming so he sent out 20,000 men from the Cuban army to face them. The invasion didn't work out and the exiles were captured by Castro and sent to prison but the USA didn't help them.
  86. 86What was the result of the Bay of Pigs?The invasion was humiliating for the USA because they were interfering with the Cuban government. However, the invasion made Castro even more popular than before in Cuba. It also pushed Cuba closer to the Soviet Union and made them feel as if they needed military support from Khrushchev to protect themselves.What was the result of the Bay of Pigs?
  87. 87What happened to Cuba in 1961?In 1961 Cuba had become a communist country. It was the first country in the West to become communist.
  88. 88What happened in October 1962?On the 14th of October 1962, the USA's spy planes took photos of Cuba which shows that the USSR was building missile bases in Cuba. The USA also spotted 20 ships from the USSR heading for Cuba carrying missiles. This worried the USA because these missiles were 90 miles from the coast of the USA so they would be able to hit all major US cities in just 5 minutes
  89. 89What did Kennedy do after discovering that missile bases were being built in Cuba?Kennedy held a meeting with his advisers to decide what to do. Many of them said he should go to war but Kennedy decided to blockade Cuba with the USA's navy (this prevented anything from getting into Cuba).What did Kennedy do after discovering that missile bases were being built in Cuba?
  90. 90When did Kennedy start the blockade?22nd of October 1962.
  91. 91What happened after the US ships blockaded Cuba?On the 24th of October the ships from the USSR came right up to the blockade but then turned back. Then on the 26th of October Kennedy received 2 letters from Khrushchev, one angry one friendly.
  92. 92What happened after Kennedy read the letter recieved by Khrushchev regarding the blockadeA US spy plane was shot down over Cuba, Kennedy apologized for this and decided to reply to the friendly letter on the 27th October.
  93. 93How did the Cuban missile crisis end?On October 28th 1962, the USSR agreed to remove its missiles from Cuba only if in Kennedy promised not to invade Cuba and remove the blockade. Also, Kennedy secretly agreed to remove the US missiles in Turkey which were close to the USSR.
  94. 94Why was the Cuban Missile crisis so important?The crisis almost led to a war between the USA and USSR which was the closes they got to fighting each other during the whole cold war
  95. 95How did the Cuban missile crisis effect relationsIt improved relations because the USA and USSR agreed to set up a hotline between the white house in Washington DC and the Kremlin in Moscow. This allowed the USA and USSR to communicate quickly if there was another future crisis. PART OF DETENTEHow did the Cuban missile crisis effect relations
  96. 96When was the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty made?It was made in 1963, a year after the Cuban missile crisis. The USA and USSR agreed not to test Nuclear weapons in the atmosphere (above ground). The purpose of this was to slow down the arms race and to limit the threat of nuclear war. PART OF DETENTE
  97. 97When was the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty made?It was signed in 1968 between the USA and USSR. They agreed not to give information on how to build nuclear weapons to other countries. It wasn't that important for super power relations because they wouldn't give out information anyway.
  98. 98Who was Brezhnev?Brezhnev became leader of the Soviet Union in 1964 after Khrushchev was removed from powerWho was Brezhnev?
  99. 99Who was Dubcek?Dubcek was the leader of the communist party in Czechoslovakia in 1968. He took over Novotny, who was a hard core communist and wouldn't allow reforms.Who was Dubcek?
  100. 100Why did people in Czechoslovakia want reforms in 1968?Industry was failing hence the Czechoslovakian peoples livings fell and they were getting poorer. This was mainly because the soviet union took goods from Czechoslovakia to help their own economy.
  101. 101What was the 'Prague spring'A period of reform in Czechoslovakia led by Dubcek. It was named after the capital of Czechoslovakia called Prague. Dubcek believed in 'socialism with a human face'
  102. 102What economic reforms did Dubcek want to give out?He wanted to give workers more rights so that they could have more control over their wages
    He also wanted to allow more contact with the West so that they could trade with them
  103. 103What social and political reforms did Dubcek want to give out?He wanted to abolish censorship (giving people the right to criticize the government) and give people more rights.
  104. 104How did Brezhnev feel about the Prague spring?He was worried that the new ideas in Czechoslovakia would spread to other Eastern European counties and they too would want reforms.
  105. 105Why did Brezhnev telephone Dubcek on August 13th 1948Brezhnev was angry that newspapers in Czechoslovakia were printing anti-communist stories.Why did Brezhnev telephone Dubcek on August 13th 1948
  106. 106What happened on August 20th 1968 regarding the Prague spring?Troops from the Warsaw pact counties invaded Czechoslovakia which showed that the were concerned about the reforms.What happened on August 20th 1968 regarding the Prague spring?
  107. 107What were the consequences of the soviet invasion in Czechoslovakia?Brezhnev worried abut the events in Czechoslovakia so he announced the Brezhnev Doctrine which said that all communists countries had to stay in the Warsaw Pact and do as the Soviet Union told. Also, Dubcek was forced to resign as leader of the communist party in Czechoslovakia. He was replace by Husak who got rid of reforms and took the country back to strict communist rule
  108. 108Was the invasion of Czechoslovakia important?It didn't effect relations that much as the USA was focused on the Vietnam war. However, it was important for the USSR because Warsaw pact countries knew there would be consequences if they stepped out of line.
  109. 109What was detente?Detente was the relaxation of tension between the USA and USSR in the LATER 1960s-1970s
  110. 110What was the main reason as to why there was a period of detente in the late 1960s-1970s?The USA was at war with Vietnam and in 1969 alone it had cost the Us government 30 billions dollars. Relations improved because Brezhnev helped the US organize talks with North Vietnam and the peace agreement was then signed in 1973.
  111. 111What was another reason as to why there was a period of detente in the late 1960s-1970s?In the 1970s, trading relations improved because the USA sent large amounts of grain to the USSR which provided the soviet union with food. This was important because farming policies in the USSR had been unsuccessful which showed that both sides were willing to cooperate with each other.
  112. 112Who was Nixon?Richard Nixon became President of the USA in 1969Who was Nixon?
  113. 113What were the agreements made in SALT 1?When Nixon became president in 1969, he decided to talk about nuclear weapons with Brezhnev. They made agreements that anti ballistic missile systems would only be allowed at 2 sites and each site could only have 100 missiles. Also, they agreed that there would be a 5 year freeze on the total number of ICBM and SLBM launchers. Each side were allowed to use satellites to take photographs to check up on eachother
  114. 114What were the disagreements madeSome weapons were not limited such as strategic bombs and MIRVS. Also, there was no restrictions on develiping new weapons.
  115. 115When was the SALT 1 treaty signed?1972
  116. 116What was the Helsinki accords in 1975?Both Brezhnev and Nixon wanted detente to develop further so the Helsinki agreement was when USSR and USA along with 33 other nations made discussions about 3 different issues; ALL COUNTRIES AGREED TO:
    - Securtiy: The borders of countries in Europe, including West and East Germany
    -Cooperation: Work together on economic, scientific and cultural issues
    -Human rights: Respect human rights, freedom of though, speech and religion
  117. 117What was a problem with the Helsinki accords?It relied on the countries to keep their promises because there was no penalty if you broke it
  118. 118Who was president Carter?The US president who was in power from 1977 to 1981Who was president Carter?
  119. 119What was SALT 2?Salt 2 was a conference made between the USA and USSR to try and limit how many weapons they had. Te discussions started in 1974 and the treaty was signed by president Carter and Brezhnev in 1979. For example both sides were not allowed to build any more ICBMS. However, the treaty said that it would only last until 1985 where they would then discuss it again.
  120. 120What was the major problem with the SALT 2 treaty?Even thought Brezhnev and Carter agreed to the treaty it was never approved by the US congress because they didn't trust the USSR to stick to the limits made. The treat was still being discussed in 1979 but the USSR suddenly invaded Afghanistan so the US would not approve the treaty.
  121. 121What caused the Afghan invasion?Since 1978, the government in Afghanistan had been communist. The communist government was hated by most Afghans, especially by the large Muslim population. Brezhnev was worried about the growing power of Muslim groups as he saw them as a threat to communism. Also, Afghanistan was close to the Middle East oil reserves of the western powers. The soviet developed an interest in this area because they could get more trade in regards with oil
  122. 122What happened during the Afghan invasion?In 1979, Russia invaded Afghanistan. Between December 1979 and 1st January 1980, more than 50,000 soviet troops were sent to Afghanistan. Brezhnev said this was to restore order in Afghanistan and claimed the soviets were trying to protect the Afghan government from the mujaheddin who wanted to declare jihad (a holy war) on the government. However, secretly USA was supplying the mujaheddin with money and weapons so that they would overthrow the government and therefore the Soviets would not gain control over Afghanistan. The USSR killed the Afghan president Amin and then replaced him with Kamal who few Afghans liked. Kamal relied on the Soviets to keep him in power and needed 85,000 soviet soldiers to protect his government.
  123. 123What was the consequence of the Afghan invasion?It made relations worse since the USA refused to agree to SALT 2 - which they had been working on for 5 years, as they thought the USSR was trying to spread communism. This put an end to detente. Also, the USA began to cut trade with the USSR, for example he stopped giving them grain which was important because the Soviets crops failed to grow well.
  124. 124What was the Carter Doctrine?After the Soviet invasion, Carter made a statement known as the Carter Doctrine. He said that the USA would use military force and give aid to other countries if the USSR tried to gain control anywhere else in the Middle East.
  125. 125What was the 1980 Moscow Olympic boycott about?In 1980 the USA boycotted the Moscow Olympics along with 61 other countries as a protest against the invasion of Afghanistan. He also began to cut trade with the
  126. 126How did the USSR respond to the Moscow Olympic Boycott?In 1984 the USSR boycotted the Los Angeles Olympics along with 14 other countries and did this to protest against the USA invading Grenada in order to stop the communists from taking over. People believed it was seen as revenge for the 1980s Olympics.
  127. 127Who was president Reagan?The president of the USA between the years 1981-1989. He did not like the USSR and in 1983 he referred the USSR as an 'evil empire' in a speech. He increased defence spending by 40 percent as he was determined that the USA could win the Cold WarWho was president Reagan?
  128. 128What was 'StarWars'?Reagan came up with the idea of an SDI- star wars which was intended to be an anti missile system which could orbit the earth and protect the USA from any Soviet missiles using high tech laser systems. The USSR could not compete with the SDI because they were going through economic problems. However, Star wars was never actually made but the USSR were scared that Reagan would start a nuclear war and they wouldn't be able to protect themselves.
  129. 129Who was Gorbachev?Gorbachev became leader of the Soviet Union in 1985. He was willing to cooperate with the USAWho was Gorbachev?
  130. 130What did Gorbachev introduce in regards to the USSR?He wanted to make the USSR more freer so he introduced PERESTROIKA which meant that he wanted to make the USSR more capitalist by 'economic restructuring'
    He also introduced GLASNOST which meant openness. This made sure that the USSR became more freer and people were allowed to criticize the government. Also, he allowed free elections in 1990
  131. 131What was the GENEVA summit?It was the first summit held between Gorbachev and Reagan in November 1985. They agreed to speed up arm talks and work on the abolition of chemical weapons. However, Reagan wouldn't give up on his commitment to Star wars.
  132. 132What was the INF treaty?The INF treaty was in 1987 and it eliminated all nuclear missiles with a range of 500-5500 km. This was important because after 1985, Reagan was willing to cooperate with the USSR
  133. 133What was the CFE?It was an agreement signed in 1990 which set limits to non nuclear forces such as tanks and soldiers between NATO and the Warsaw Pact
  134. 134What was the Sinatra Doctrine?In Match 1989 Gorbachev accepted that members of the Warsaw Pact could make changes to their own countries without the Soviets interference. This was mainly because their economy was practically bankrupt and could no longer afford to support Eastern Europe. Gorbachev had shown that he was willing to work with the USA and reform the Soviet government and accept elements of capitalism. For example in Poland they had their first free election in June 1989 and got their first non communist leader Lech Walesa.
  135. 135What caused the Berlin Wall to collapse?On August 23, 1989 Hungary opened the iron curtain to Austria which meant that more than 13,000 East Germans has escaped via Hungary in 3 days. East Germany had no choice but to break down the wall since they couldn't stop the East Germans from leaving according to the Sinatra Doctrine
  136. 136What happened when the Berlin Wall officially collapsed?East Germans gathered around the Berlin wall of November 9th 1989. The Soviets decided to let some people leave at special checkpints but others were not allowed to pass through the gates. The East German goverenment dd not allow the guards to shoot down the protesters so eventually they let everyone through the gates without checking their identification. There was a celebration between the East and West Germans, people were dancing and climbing on the wall
  137. 137Who was president Bush?The president of America from 1989 to 1993
  138. 138What was significant about the MALTA summit?In December 1989, Bush and Gorbachev announced that the Cold War had ended
  139. 139What was the START accords about?In 1991 Gorbachev and Bush signed the START agreement which said that both the USA and USSR would reduce holdings of nuclear warheads by a 1/3rd by destroying them. This was extremely important because by 2001, 80% of the nuclear weapons in existence in 1991 had been destroyed

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- Subjects (History) Karteikarten am The Cold War, erstellt von aishanamouni am 09/04/2016.
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