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- 1Evidence of attachmentStranger Anxiety
= Distress in the presence of unknown individuals
Separation Protests
=Distress at absence of a specific person - 2care giver-infant interactionBodily contact = Touching
Mimicking = Copying facial expressions
Caregiverese = Baby voice
Interactional synchrony = In sync
Reciprocity = Back & forward - 3stages of attachment1) Pre-attachment stage [0-3m]
= humans over objects
2) Indiscriminate attachment [3-7/8m]
= not wary of strangers
3) Discriminate attachment [7/8m+]
= Develop specific attachments
4) Multiple Attachments [9m+]
=Attachments with 2ndary caregivers - 4Schaffer and Emerson A01Procedure=
Glaswegian infants (60)
Longitudinal (over 18months)
Observations & interviews in own homes
Measured by SA & SP
Findings
=Most showed SP at 6-8ms (SA 1+m)
87% multiple attachments at 18m - 5Schaffer and Emerson AO3EVALUATION
* Observations (Bias & inaccurate- mum & observers)
* Mundane realism - 6explanations of attachment =learning theoryClassical Conditioning
=Occurs when a response becomes associated with an abnormal stimulus
* Pavlov’s Dogs
Operant Conditioning
=Occurs via reinforcements (N/P),
increasing/decreasing the chance of the
behaviour being repeated - 7Animal studies =Imprinting A01Konrad Lorenz
*Split a large clutch of goose eggs * Half natural, half incubator & Lorenz * Covered both sets in a box, taken off & recorded
FINDINGS * Incubator geese followed Lorenz * Bonds proved irreversible * Imprinting in set period (4-25hours) * Followed adult birds (sexually confused) - 8animal studies A03 imprinting* Irreversible- biologically controlled
* Can’t be generalised to humans
* Adult behaviour of birds
* Critical period of attachment - 9animal studies Harry Harlow A01* Wire wet & soft dry monkey mum
* 4 different conditions- time recorded * Frightened with noise
FINDINGS * Preferred soft (even dry) * Wire only- diarrhoea (stress)
* Explored with soft not wire - 10animal studies Harry Harlow A03* Can’t be generalised to humans
* Harmful to monkeys
* Distanced from everyone else’s - 11Mary Ainsworth strange situation A01* Testing attachments & secure base concept (106 infants 9-18m)
* 8 episodes, 3mins each (last 30secs)
FINDINGS
* Insecure-avoidant; 15% * Securely attached; 70% * Insecure resistant; 15% - 12mary ainsworth A03* Lacks mundane realism
* Unethical- stressful for infants
* Acting differently depending on parent - 13Short term Separation Bowlby [1969]1) protest = Involves crying, kicking, (anger & confusion)
2) Despair = Protest is replaced by calmer, apathetic child Inward anger- self soothing
3)Detachment;
= Rejection of caregiver ,Treats everyone warily - 14privation= Children who have never formed an attachment bond
* Lasting damage
* Research does show that some people can completely recover
* Genie * Czech Twins * Oxanna - 15cultural variation AO1+3Ijzendoom [1988] * Meta-analysis (32 from 8 countries) * 1990 separate Strange situations ’78 FINDINGS * Intra-culture was more of a problem EVALUATION * No African or South American countries * Biased researchers
- 16Rutter 1998 Aims and procedureA= Investigated whether the effects of privation & deprivation could be overturned
P= Longitudinal study (111 Romanians) * Control group (52 British children) * IV- age of adopted child (0-6m, 6-24m & 24+m) - 17Rutter 1998 findings* 50% of Rkids were retarded & underweight- Bkids weren’t
* At age 4 Rkids showed great improvement (physically & mentally)
* 0-6ms were doing as well as the Bkids - 18Rutter evaluation* Children have only been assessed up to 4
* Only some of the children received detailed clinical investigations
* Can’t fully generalise
* Not possible to state which aspects of privation were most influential - 19role of the fatherDegree of sensitivity;
maternal intimacy
co-parenting
type of attachment with own parent - 20—
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- AS - Level Psychology Karteikarten am Ohne Titel, erstellt von alix9492 am 26/04/2016.
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