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Aims hypothesis and variables

Tasnim Quddus Psychology A level Englisch 30 Karten

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  1. 1AIM:> Stated intentions of a study, to be clear about purpose of study.
    E.G. 'To investigate effects of alcohol on reaction times'.
  2. 2VARIABLES:> Anything that can be measured, changed/manipulated.
  3. 3INDEPENDENT VARIABLE:> Variable an experimenter changes/manipulates to see what influence/affect it has on the dependent variable.
    E.G. Researcher wants to know effect of memory improvement tech on participants ability to remember names.
    IV= Memory improvement techs.
  4. 4DEPENDENT VARIABLES:> Variable an experimenter observes/measures as a consequence of manipulation of IV.
    E.G. Researcher wants to know effect of memory improvement tech on participants ability to remember names.
    DV= Ability to remember names.
  5. 5EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES:> Any variable besides IV= may have influence on DV if NOT controlled.
    > EV= general unwanted variables= don't change with conditions.
    - AFFECTS BOTH CONDITIONS.
    E.G. When 2 groups o participants are doing a maths test out of 80 marks in a loud nursery full of children.
  6. 6CONFOUNDING VARIABLE:> Any variable besides IV that may have affected DV.
    > CF changes with conditions= affects 1 condition.
    E.G. When 2 groups of participants have an English test in 2 identical rooms with TV playing BUT 1 group has TV on v high volume.
  7. 7HYPOTHESIS WRITING:> There'll be a significant inc/dec/diff in DV when IV1 compared to IV2.
    E.G. There'll be a significant diff in maths score out of 50 when participants complete a maths test listening to jazz compared to those listening to pop.
  8. 8OPERATIONALISATION:> To make variables stated in the aim measurable so that they can be precisely tested.
    E.G. To operationalise DV's intelligence= an IQ test + stamina= how long you can continuously run for.
  9. 9HYPOTHESIS WITH OPERATIONALISED DV:> There'll be a sig diff in marks of eng test out of 80 when group of students read a book once a week compared to group that doesn't.
  10. 10EXAMPLE OF NULL HYPOTHESIS:> There WON'T BE A DIFF in results of no. of weights (in kg's) men + women can hold.
  11. 11EXAMPLE OF ALTERNATE HYPOTHESIS:> There's a SIG DIFF between no. of press ups performed by group of men within 2mins than by group of women.
  12. 12DIFFERENCE BETWEEN DIRECTIONAL + NON-DIRECTIONAL HYPOTHESIS:> Directional= words like inc/dec= states WILL be a change + direction in which results are expected to go.
    E.G. Participants ability to recall names inc when memory improvement techs used.
    > Non-directional= words like diff= predicts change but NOT direction of change.
    E.G. Sig diff in time taken to learn 60words for group of 85yr olds compared to group of 16yr olds.
  13. 13EXPERIMENT:> Research method in which you change IV to measure its effect on DV.
    4 types of experiments:
    - Lab
    - Field
    - Natural
    - Quasi
  14. 14LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS:> Highly controlled environments.
    > NOT always in lab e.g. Classroom with controlled conditions.
    > Participants usually randomly allocated to diff conditions.
  15. 15LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS (STRENGTHS):> High degree of control over variables= if all other variables controlled can say IV= causing change in DV.
    > Easier to replicate findings= can keep all other variables same= standardised procedure with high control.
    > Cause (IV) + Effect (DV) relationship.
  16. 16LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS (WEAKNESSES):> High control= artificial setting may not represent behaviours in real life setting (lacks ecological validity).
    > High demand characteristics= participants=likely to know that they're taking part in experiment= may alter behaviour.
  17. 17FIELD EXPERIMENTS:> IV= still manipulated by experimenter just like lab exp.
    > Exp conducted in natural environment.
    > Some situational variables= controlled NOT all.
  18. 18FIELD EXPERIMENTS (STRENGTHS):> Higher ecological validity than lab exps BUT not as much as natural exps.
    > Demand characteristics= similar to natural exps BUT less than lab.
  19. 19FIELD EXPERIMENTS (WEAKNESSES):> Weaker C+E relationship than lab exps= other variables (extraneous) may affect it.
    > Less replicability than lab exps= difficult to control all variables= can't be repeated in exact same way.
  20. 20NATURAL EXPERIMENTS:> Exp conducted in naturally occurring environment.
    > Experimenter doesn't directly manipulate IV BUT researcher takes advantage of pre-existing IV.
    > IV= natural NOT setting + participants may be tested in lab.
  21. 21NATURAL EXPERIMENTS (STRENGTHS):> High ecological validity= conducted in real-life setting SO behaviour's NOT controlled.
    > Less demand characteristics= in natural exp= participants may not be aware of participation in exp= act more naturally.
  22. 22NATURAL EXPERIMENTS (WEAKNESSES):> Can't control many variables= extraneous variables present= can't accurately saw IV is causing change in DV.
    > Diff to replicate= no control over variables SO no standardised procedures to test reliability.
    > Weak C+E relationship.
  23. 23QUASI EXPERIMENTS:> Natural exp BUT IV connected to participant (e.g. is a trait).
    > Has IV based on existing diff between people (e.g. gender age etc).
    > IV simply exists= no manipulation.
    E.G. Anxiety levels of phobic + non-phobic people compared= IV of 'having phobia'= not manipulated experimentally.
  24. 24QUASI EXPERIMENTS (STRENGTHS):> Participants in natural environment SO findings= likely to rep events in real life settings= + ecological validity.
    > Less demand characteristics= participants in natural
  25. 25QUASI EXPERIMENTS (WEAKNESSES):> Less control over variables= conducted in natural environment. Extraneous variables could influence change in DV.
    > Replication difficulties= must occur naturally + exact same way as before.
  26. 26WHAT IS RELIABILITY?> Whether something's consistent- doesn't have to be accurate.
    E.G. Measure height of chair with ruler today + tomorrow= expect results to be consistent.
  27. 27HOW DO YOU TEST RELIABILITY?> TEST RE-TEST METHOD:
    - To inc reliability of questionnaires/interviews.
    - Administer measure to same group + than once to see if results= similar= reliable.
    > INTER-OBSERVER RELIABILITY:
    - + Than 1 observer= see if they receive similar findings.
  28. 28HOW DO YOU IMPROVE RELIABILITY?> Standardised procedures= + standardised= higher chance of reliability.
  29. 29WHAT IS INTERNAL VALIDITIY?> Extent to which a test accurately measures what it claims to measure.
    > Vital for test to be valid for results to be accurately applied + interpreted.
    E.G. Ruler= valid measure device= length NOT volume.
  30. 30WHAT IS EXTERNAL VALIDITY?> Ecological Validity= how well does it apply to a real-life setting?
    > Population Validity= How well can you generalise your findings depending on diff factors of people?
    > Temporal Validity= How much does it affect certain period compared to another period?

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Beschreibung
A level Psychology (RESEARCH METHODS) Karteikarten am Aims hypothesis and variables, erstellt von Tasnim Quddus am 29/12/2016.
Erstellt von
Tasnim Quddus · Dez 2016
Aktualisiert
3 Feb 2017
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4
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