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Fungi

Rachael Jones 2. Agents of disease AD1 BVSc Englisch 55 Karten

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  1. 1What is mycology?The study of fungus
  2. 2Describe what fungi are.1. Eukaryotic micro-organisms
    2. Cytoplasm enclosed in cell wall
    3. Cell wall composed of complex carbohydrate polymers, including chitin
    4. Absorb nutrients (organic molecules) from surroundings
    5. Sexual and asexual spores
    6. 2 main morphological forms - moulds and yeasts
  3. 3What are hypha (pl. hyphae)?Basic cell unit of moulds
  4. 4Describe the shape of hyphae.Apically elongating cylinder capable of branching
  5. 5What is found at intervals throughout the hyphae?Cross walls or septa that provide strength to the tubular wall - cytoplasm can still run throughout the length
  6. 6How are hypha described?Acellular, often with several nuclei per segment
  7. 7What are mycelium?Network of hyphae forming the body of the mould
  8. 8What types of mycelium can be found?Vegetative and aerial which bear asexual spores (eg conidia or sporangiospores)
  9. 9What elongates to become hyphae?Spores
  10. 10What is the general appearance of mould?White and fluffy
  11. 11What is the growth form of yeasts?Discrete, often ovoid cells
  12. 12How do yeasts reproduce?By budding
  13. 13What is dimorphic?Producing both yeasts and hyphae, depending on environmental conditions
  14. 14What are pseudo-mycelium?Intermediate form of growth between hyphae and yeasts, in which elongated budding cells form "pseudohyphae"
  15. 15What is a colony?In culture, a mycelium or mass of yeast cells, usually grown from a single hyphal fragment or yeast cell
  16. 16Give 4 phyla of fungi.1. Zygomycota
    2. Ascomycota
    3. Basidiomycota
    4. Deuteromycota (Fungi Imperfecti)
  17. 17What does "yeasts" relate to?Not a taxonomic group, but represent unicellular fungi which may be members of any of the above groups
  18. 18Give facts about the phylum Zygomycota?- Vegetative hyphae lack septa
    - Asexual reproduction, sporangiospores disseminated in air
    - Zygosporangium, thick-walled multinucleate resting cell (result of sexual reproduction)
  19. 19Give facts about the phylum Asomycota.- Vegetative hyphae regularly septae
    - Asexual reproduction, presented by conidia (help distinguish genera and species)
    - Sexual reproduction - haploid ascospores, protected in fruiting body
  20. 20Give facts about the phylum Basidiomycota.- Mushrooms
    - Vegetative hyphae regularly septae
    - Asexual reproduction presented by conidia
    - Sexual reproduction - haploid basidiopsores - protected by fruiting bodies
  21. 21Give facts about the phylum Deuteromycota.- Artifical assemblage of fungi which only produce conidia, there being no sexual reproductive state
    - Known to have evolved from either Ascomycota or Basidiomycota
    - Most pathogenic species
  22. 22What are arthrospores?Conidia formed by simple fragmentation of hyphae in dermatophyets
    - A piece of vegetative mycelium
  23. 23Give the 3 ways in which fungi can be pathogens.1. Mycosis (in or on patient)
    2. Allergy (inhaled spores)
    3. Toxicosis (spoiled feed/ ingesting poisonous fungi)
  24. 24What are the 2 main sources of fungal infection?1. Endogenous eg commensal flora
    2. Exogenous
    eg free living saprophytes or parasitic on another animal host
  25. 25What causes ringworm?Microsporum (fungus)
    - area of inflammation is ring like and grows
  26. 26Give 3 types of mycosis infections.1. Superficial mycoses (epidermis, nail/hair etc)
    2. Sub-cutaneous mycoses (traumatic inoculation through skin)
    3. Deep mycoses (inhaled, deep wound or endogenous)
  27. 27Give 4 dermatophyte hosts.1. Anthropophilic (human only)
    2. Zoophilic (domestic animals)
    3. Geophilic
    4. Soil
  28. 28What makes skin fungal infections so difficult to get rid of?They go deeper into the body through the skin (hyphae)
  29. 29What is the main way that skin fungal infections spread?Via scratching the skin and causing part of the hyphae to come off and be left in the environment and so reinfection is easy - environmental reservoir
  30. 30What are the issues with cattle with ringworm?1. Loss in growth rate
    2. Lower milk yield
    3. Scarring affects hide value and stock sales
    4. Contamination persists for years
  31. 31What is the light used to diagnose fungal infections?Wood's light (UV)
  32. 32What are the 3 main ways of diagnosing ringworm?- Clinical examination
    - Direct microscopy
    - Culture
  33. 33What are the treatments of ringworm?Topical - shampoo or wash/spray
    Systemic - Griseofulvin
  34. 34How do you decontaminate the environment?- Restrict animal movements
    - Burn bedding, collars, grooming tools
    - Fog spray or wash other surfaces (enilconazole, bleach, persulphate)
  35. 35What is serology?Look for circulating antibodies - useful in a few instances of deep infection where biopsy is difficult
  36. 36Give 3 facts about deep mycoses.1. Grow well at blood temperature
    2. Not contagious
    3. Opportunistic
  37. 37Give 4 predispositions to fungal infection1. Immune suppression
    2. Age (young or old)
    3. Trauma
    4. Exposure to heavy spore loads
  38. 38Give 3 mould infections.1. Aspergillosis
    2. Mucoromycosis
    3. Mycotic Abortion
  39. 39Give 2 yeast infections.1. Candidosis
    2. Cryptococcosis
  40. 40Give 3 facts about Aspergillosis.1. Main source, hay/straw
    2. Spores 2-3 micro m, impact on alveolar wall
    3. Septate hyphae in tissues
  41. 41What temperature and moisture suits Apspergillus?up to 40 degrees C
    15-30%
  42. 42How does Aspergillosis develop in avian and mammalian?A: young = acute
    mature = chronic
    M: neonatal = acute
    Mature = chronic
  43. 43Why are day old chicks so susceptible to Aspergillosis?Stressed, warm, just put on straw
    - Can get into air sacs in bone and therefore into lungs
  44. 44What is a symptom of chronic aspergillosis in dogs?Nasal lesion - depigmentation of nostril
  45. 45What causes the weakening of bones in chronic Aspergillosis?Acid, alcohols and mycelium
  46. 46What can be causes by chronic Aspergillosis in the nasal cavity?Granulomas
  47. 47Give 3 facts of Mucoromycosis.1. Main source = hay/straw
    2. Spores = 5-10 micro m, impact on upper respiratory tract
    3. Asptate hyphae in tissues
  48. 48What is required for Mucoromycosis to release their spores?Pressure
  49. 49Give 2 facts about Bovine Mycotic Abortion.1. Infection of placenta and foetus (thickened cotyledons, amnion and foetal skin)
    2. Not contagious
  50. 50Give 3 diagnosis methods of mycotic abortion.1. Gross pathology - thickened cotyledons amnion and foetal skin
    2. Direct microscopy - fungal hyphae in tissues and in foetal stomach contents
    3. Culture identification - only trust foetal stomach contents
  51. 51Give 3 facts about Candidosis.1. Yeasts of normal gut flora
    2. Opportunistic infections
    3. Mucosal lesions "thrush", gut ulcers, mastitis, deep systemic
  52. 52Give 4 facts of cryptococcosis.1. Cryptococcus neoformans
    2. Saprophytic in bird/ bat guano (shit)
    3. Nasal granuloma, skin ulcers, deep localised, brain, mastitis
    4. Opportunistic
  53. 53Give 4 ways of diagnosing cryptococcosis.1. Direct microscopy
    2. Culture and ID
    3. Serology
    4. Molecular ID
  54. 54Give 3 treatments for fungal infections.1. Amphotericin B
    2. Azoles
    3. Terbinafine
  55. 55What is the issue with antifungal drugs?Need to find antifungal agents that don't kill the host
    - Not resistant but need longer course however causes side affects

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BVSc 2. Agents of disease AD1 (Microbiology TC) Karteikarten am Fungi, erstellt von Rachael Jones am 19/01/2017.
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