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- 1What is Bowlby's monotropic theory-Rejected learning theory for attachment
-Look at Lorenz + Harlow proposed evolutionary theory
-Attachment is innate advantage for survival
-Imprinting +attachment evolved for protection of the young from hazards - 2What is monotropy-Monotropic= childs attachment to one particular caregiver
-This attachment is more important than others
-The law of continuity= more constant +predictable a child's care the better qual attachment
-The law of accumulated separation= separation effects add up - 3What are social releasers- Babies are born with innate 'cute behaviours' to get attention from adults
-smiling, gripping
-Activate adult attachment system
-Reciprocal- social releasers trigger - 4What is the critical period- Critical period around 2 years of the infant when attachment system active
- Referred to more as a sensitive period
-If attachment not formed in this time, much harder to form one later - 5Internal working model-Mental representation of relationship with primary caregiver
-Powerful effect on the nature of future relationship
-E.g. loving rel with primary caregiver, brings qualities to future relationships
-Affects child's parenting ability, base parenting on their experiences - 6Mixed evidence for monotropy (evaluation)-Bowlby believed babies formed on attachment with PCG before they could form multiple attachments
-Shaffer&Emerson found that a significant minority could form multiple attachments
-Unclear if there is something unique about primary attachment, as this attachment could just be stronger not necessarily the quality. - 7Support for social releasers (evaluation)-Clear evidence that cute behaviours are -Intended for social reaction
-Brazelton et al obeseved babies and reported interactional synchrony
-Extended observation to experiment, when PCG igonored social realesers babies showed distress even some curled up motionlessly
-Supports Bowlbys infant behaviours eliciting caregiving - 8Support for internal working models (evaluation)-Patterns of attachment will be passed on to next generations
-Bailey et al 99 mothers with one year old babies were assessed on the quality of their attachments with their mothers with an interview & babies and mothers were assessed by observation.
-Those with a poor quality attachment were likely to be classified as poor in the observation
-Supports IWM as passed on through families - 9Aim of Strange Situation-Mary Ainsworth (1969)
-Observe key attachments behaviours to assess that quality of a child's attachment to there caregiver - 10Procedure of Strange situation-Controlled observation designed to display the security of child attachment to there caregiver
-In controlled conditions (laboratory) with a two-way mirror which psychologist can observe. - 11Behaviours used to attachment in Strange SituationProximity seeking- good attachment infant will close to caregiver.
Exploration and secure-base attachment- good attachment enables the child to be confident to explore.
Stranger anxiety- becoming closely attached means the child shows anxiety towards strangers.
Separation anxiety- becoming closely attached is to protest at separation.
Response to reunion- with caregiver after separation for a short period of time. - 12Strange situation findings Insecure-aviodant attachment (Type A)-Explore freely, DO NOT seek proximity or show secure base behaviour
- Little reaction when CG leaves
-Little effort when CG returns
- Little stranger anxiety
- Do not require comfort at reunion stage
-20-25% of toddlers classified - 13Strange situation findings Secure attachment (Type B)-These children explore and play happily regularly go back to CG (proximity & secure base behaviour)
-Moderate separation and stranger anxiety
-Require & accept comfort reunion stage
-60-75% of toddlers classified - 14Strange situation findings Insecure-resistant attachment (Type C)-Seek greater proximity and explore less
-Huge stranger and separation distress
-Resist comfort at reunion
-3% of toddlers classified - 15Support for validity for strange situation (evaluation)-Attachment types are strongly predictive of later developments
-Secure babies typically go on to have better outcomes in many areas e.g. romantic relationships
-Insecure-resistant attachment associated with worse outcomes e.g. bullying in later childhood
-Validity of the concept because it can explain following outcomes. - 16The test may be culture-bound for strange (evaluation)- Culture bound to only Europe and the US
-Cultural differences mean childhood experiences may be different
-Likely to respond differently to strange situation
-CG are likely to also respond differently
-e.g. Japanese mothers a barely separated from their babies= high separation anxiety - 17Theory of maternal deprivation(1951) Continual nurture from a mother (substitute) is essential for psychological development of babies and toddlers- intellectually and emotionally.
-Being separated from a mother in early childhood has serious consequences
-'mother love is important for mental health - 18SeparationNot being in the presence of the primary attachment figure.
-Brief separations that are not significant for development. - 19Maternal deprivationProlonged separations which lose an element of care.
-Extended separations can lead to harm. - 20The critical period-First 30 months of life critical for psychological development.
-If child separated from mother or substitute, deprived of her emotional care for extended time, psychological harm is inevitable. - 21Effects of maternal deprivation on intellectual development-If a child is deprived of maternal care for too long in during the critical period.
-Delayed intellectual development, characterised by abnormally low IQ.
-Goldfarb found lower IQ in children that remained in institutions rather than those fostered (higher standard of emotional care). - 22Effects of maternal deprivation on emotional development-Affectionless psychopathy (inability to experience or have strong emotion for others).
-Prevent people having normal relationships & associated with criminality. - 23Aim of Bowlbys 44 thievesStudy the link between affectionless psychopathy (e.g. delinquencies) and maternal deprivation.
-Ruin intellectual. emotional and social development. - 24Procedure of Bowlby's 44 thieves-44 criminal teenagers accused of stealing.
-Thieves had IQ test & interviewed for affectionless psychopathy characterised by lack of affection, guilt and empathy.
-Parents were also interviewed to see if thieves had prolonged early separations from their mothers.
-control group 44 non-criminal but emotionally disturbed, to see how often maternal separation/ deprivation occurred. - 25Findings of Bowlby's 44 thieves-14/44 thieves described as affectionless psychopaths, 12 experienced prolonged separation for the first 2 years.
-5 of 30 remaining thieves had separations.
-Control group on 2/44 had prolonged separations. - 26Conclusion of Bowlby's 44 thieves-Maternal deprivation in early life caused affectionless psychopathy.
- Lack of emotional development, inability to form meaningful lasting relationships. - 27limitations to Bowlby's 44 thieves (Evaluation)-Other factors involved e.g. parental income, education.
-Low validity conducted himself.
-Knew control group + thieves = researcher bias. - 28Counter-evidence for Bolwby's findings (Evaluation)-Hilda Lewis partially replicated 44 thieves study on a larger scale (500 young).
-Prolonged separation did not predict criminality or difficulty forming relationships.
-Problem for maternal deprivation, suggests other factors may affect outcome e.g income. - 29The critical period is more likely a sensitive period (Evaluation)-Bowlby used the term critical period, if prolonged separation took place it would cause inevitable damage.
-However maternal deprivation can have good outcomes if child is provides with good after care + social interaction.
-Case of twin boys in Czechoslovakia sisolated form 18m-7years
-looked after by two loving parents and recovered fully.
-Shows that this period is more sensitive. - 30Romanian orphan studies-(1990s) Show the effects of deprivation.
-Effects of institutionalisation.
-President required women to have 5 children, which most could not afford.
-Ended up in orphanages . - 31Rutter's ERA study procedure-165 Romanian orphans adopted in Britain.
-Tested to what extent good care was needed for poor early experiences in institutions.
-Physical, cognitive & emotional development assessed.
- At ages 4,6,11,15
-Control group 52 British children adopted at same time. - 32Rutter's ERA study findings-Adoptees showed delayed intellectual development and undernourishment.
-At 11, the mean IQ of those adopted before 6m=102 & compared for those adopted after 6m=86 differences remained at the age of 16.
-In terms of attachment there was a difference if children were adopted before 6 months and after.
-Those adopted after 6m- showed disinhibited attachment opposed to those who were before 6m. - 33Disinhibited attachmentAttention seeking, clinginess and social behaviour directed indiscriminately to all adults.
- 34Procedure of Bucharest Early Invention project-Zeanah et all (2005)
-Assessed attachment, 95 children who spent most time in institutional time (12-31m).
-control group of 50 children who never lived in an institution.
-Attachment measured by strange situation.
-Carers were asked if there were any symptoms of disinhibited attachment. - 35Bucharest Early intervention project findings-74% control group= securely attached.
-Less20% control group= disinhibited attachment.
-19% institutional group= securely attached.
-65% institutional group= disorganised attachment.
-44% institutional group= disinhibted attachment. - 36Disinhibited attachment RutterEffect of spending time in an institution, equally affection towards people they know as well as strangers.
-Explained as an adaption to living with multiple caregivers during sensitive period. - 37Mental retardation-In rutters study most children showed up with signs of retardation.
- Most adopted before 6m caught up with the control group by the age of 4.
-Damage to intellectual development as a result of institutionalisation can be recovered if adoption takes place before 6m. - 38Real-life application Romanian orphan study (Evaluation)-Study has enhanced understanding of effects of institutionalisation.
-Children,s homes avoid having a large amount of carers for each child, perhaps 1 or 2 (key worker).
-Children have a chance to develop a normal attachment (avoid disinhibited).
-Research is valuble in practial terms. - 39Rutter's ERA has fewer extraneous variables than other orphan studies (Evaluation)-Orphan studies before involved children who experienced loss of trauma before they were institutionalised.
-Neglect, abuse, bereavement.
-Hard to observe effects of of institutionalisation in isolation because children were dealing with multiple factors (confounding variables)
-ERA study had no confounding variables.
-Findings had increased internal validity. - 40Rutter's ERA Romanian orphanages were not typical (Evaluation)-Its possible that Orphanages were so bad that results cannot be applied to understanding any situation where a child experiences deprivation.
-Romanian Orphanages had poor standards of care, low levels of intellectual stimulation.
-Limitation because unusual situational variables mean studies lack generalisbility.