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- 1Caregiver infant interactions Problems with testing infant behaviourResearchers argue that infants mouths are in fairly consistant motion and the expressions that were tested occur frequently. Which makes it difficult to distinguish between general activity and specific imitated behaviours. To over come this Meltzoff and Moore measured infant responses by filming them, they then asked an observer to judge the video. The person of judging had no idea what behaviour was being imitated which increased the internal validity of the data.
- 2Failure to replicateOther studies have failed to replicate the same findings as m&m study such as (Koepke et al), m&m argued it was because their study was less controlled
Marian et al replicated the study and found that infants couldn't distinguish live video from videotaped interactions with their mothers. which suggests that the infants are not actually responding to the adult. - 3Is the behaviour intentional?De Yong observed Infant behaviour when interacting with two objects- one stimulating tongue movements and the other mouth opening/closing. They found that infants of a median age of 5-12 weeks made little response to the objects. They concluded that the infants do not just imitate anything they see. Its a special social response to other humans.
- 4Individual differencesImportant feature of international synchrony is that there is some variation between infants. (Isabella) found that the more strongly attached infant-caregiver pairs showed greater interactional synchrony. (Heinman) showed that infants who demonstrate a lot of imitation at birth have been found to have better quality relationships after three months. However it is not clear whether the imitation is a cause of early affect of the synchrony.
- 5The development of attachment Unreliable dataData may be unreliable because its based on reports from mothers. Mothers may be a bias source as they may have been less sensitive to their infants protests and were therefore less likely to report them. This creates systematic bias and challenges the validity of the data
- 6Cultural variationsThe stage model applies specifically to individualist cultures and not collectivist. (Sagi et al) compared attachments in infants raised in communal environments with infants raised in family-based sleeping arrangements. In Kibbutz children spent most of their munity in children's home including at night. He found that the children in family based environments their closement of attachments was almost twice as common.
- 7Are multiple attachments equivalentAre multiple attachments relevant?
Bowlby proposed the theory of monotony one primary attachment figure is special. However, multiple attachments provide a safety net and are also important for other needs. Rutter agued that all attachments are equivalent as all these produce an infants attachment type. - 8Bias sampleThe sample is bias because firstlyit was based on working class population from Glasgow and also the sample was from the 1960's. Parental care has changed dramatically since then as now more women go out to work and are more independent and there's a greater number of stay home dad. research shows the number of stay home dads has quadrupled over the past 25 years.
- 9Animal studies of attachment LORENZ- Research support for imprintingGuiton demonstrated that leghorn chicks exposed to yellow rubber gloves for feeding them during their first few weeks, became imprinted in the gloves. This supports the view that young animals are not born with a predisposition to imprint on a specific type but probably on any moving ting during the critical window of development. Guiton also found that male chickens later tried to mate with the gloves showing that early imprinting is linked to later reproductive behaviour.
- 10Criticisms for imprintingThe research suggests that imprinting is stamped irreversibly on the nervous system, this view was accepted for many years. However it is now accepted that imprinting is a more 'plastic and forgiving mechanism' , Guiton found that he could reverse the imprinting in chickens who had initially tried to mate with the rubber gloves. he also found later after spending time with their own species, they were able to engage in normal sexual behaviour.
- 11HARLOW- confounding variablestwo stimulus objects varied in more ways than being cloth covered or not- The two heads were also different which acted as a confounding variable because it varied systematically with the interdependent variable, study may lack validity as its possible the cloth covered head was more attractive thats why the monkeys preferred her.
- 12Ethics of Harlows studyThe studys done on the monkeys created long lasting effects such as emotional harm and the monkeys found it harder later to develop relationships. On the other hand the experiment can be justified as it does produce variable insight in to the process of attachment. It the benefits out weigh thee costs many say its arguably ok.
- 13Learning theory Learning theory is based on research with animalsBehaviorists believe that our behavior is actually similar to the behavior of animals. Out behavior patterns are constructed from the same basic building blocks of stimulus and response therefore they ague it is legitimate to generalize from animal studies to human behavior. However others argue that some basic behavior such as instincts can be explained through animal studies however, other complex behaviors require further research. Behaviorists explanations may lack validity as the produce an over simplified view.
- 14Contact comfort os more important than foodHarlows findings concluded that animals preferred the clock covered monkey over the wire monkey although the cloth one may have not had food. Strong evidence that feeding has nothing to do with attachment.
- 15Learning theory has some explanatory powerProves infants do learn through reinforcement but food may not be the main reinforcer. It may be the attention and responsiveness from a caregiver are more important rewards that assist in the formation of attachment.
- 16An alternative explanationOne main reason why learning theory was rejected was bowlby's theory which offers an explanation of why attachments form where as learning theory only explains how they form. It also offers no advantages to the theory where as bowlby's offers that infants and animals are protected from harm.
- 17Bowlby's theory Is attachment adaptive? *Bowlby suggest attachments develop when the infant is older than 3 months but in fact it is believed we would need to become attached as soon as we are born monkeys attach on to their mothers from birth, however although humans do not need to attach on they still need to form an attachment especially when they begin to crawl (around 6 months) attachment is vital because that is when attachment develops in humans supporting in the view that attachment is adaptive.
- 18A sensitive period rather than criticalBowlby claimed that it is pretty much impossible to form attachments after the critical period. However researchers like to refer to this period as the 'sensitive period' as (Rutter) found evidence of Romanian orphans forming attachment after the period. He says its less likely to happen but its not impossible.
- 19Continuity hypothesisInfants form an internal working memory model which is their exceptions of how relationships are formed and how to behave in them. This is refereed to as the continuity hypothesis- research support comes from (Sroufe et al) she studied infants in to adolescence and found continuity between early attachment and later emotional social behavior. She also found that children who had a secure attachment were more sociable, popular and less likely to be isolated. Supporting the continuity hypothesis
- 20Alternative explanationsThe temperament hypothesis is introduced by (Kagan) it proposes that infants innate emotional personality called their temperament may explain attachment behaviour. Infants who have an 'easy temperament' were more likely to become strongly attached quicker because its easier to interact with them where as those who are difficult tend to be insecurely attached.
Bowlby's theory suggested that attachment type was due to primary attachment figures's sensitivity where as Kagan's view is that attachment can be explained in terms of individuals behaviour. - 21Anisworth strange situation attachment types Other types of attachmentMain and solomon analysed Anisworths research and found theres another type of attachment- attachment type D which is an insecure disorganized characterized by a lack of conistant patterns and social behaviour. These infants lack a coherant strategy for dealing with the stress of separation. For example they show very strong attachment behaviour which is suddenly followed by avoidance or looking fearful the caregiver.
- 22Observation had high reliabilityInter relater obsevation was done in this theory as the measurements are confirmed as meaningful if there is an agreement amongst observers. (Ainsworth et al) found almost perfect agreement when rating exploratory behaviour- they found .94 agreement between
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- AS - Level Psychology Karteikarten am a03- attachment new, erstellt von Alisha Patel am 22/03/2017.
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