Karteikarten
Chapter 13 Human Intelligence
Karten in diesem Stapel (49)
- 1Intelligence-The capacity to learn from experience, using metacognitive processes to enhance learning, and the ability to adapt to the surrounding environment
-Metacognition
-We have our own implicit theories (usually unstated conceptions) of intelligence
*Differ based on context
*Differ among cultures (e.g., emotional intelligence) - 2Metacognitionour understanding and control of our own thinking processes
- 3Types of Intelligence-Emotional
-Social
-Cultural - 4Emotional IntelligenceThe ability to perceive and express emotion, assimilate emotion in thought, understand and reason with emotion, and regulate emotion in the self and others”
- 5Social IntelligenceThe ability to understand and interact with other people
- 6Cultural IntelligenceA person’s ability to adapt to a variety of challenges in diverse cultures
- 7Measures & Structures of Intelligence-Galton (1822-1911)
-Binet (1857-1911
-Stern (1912)
-Deviation IQs
-Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale
-Wechsler Scales - 8Galton (1822-1911)-Intelligence is a function of psychophysical abilities: acuity, strength, skill
-aim to determine mental age - 9Binet (1857-1911)-Judgment is the key to intelligence
-Intelligent thought elements:
*Direction
*Adaptation
*Criticism (evaluation)
-aim to determine mental age - 10Stern (1912)-Intelligence quotient (IQ): a ratio of mental age (MA) divided by chronological age (CA), multiplied by 100
-Deviation IQs - 11Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale-has content areas: verbal reasoning, quantitative reasoning, figural/abstract reasoning, and STM
-explanations of tasks/questions
-how do your answers indicate your intelligence? - 12Wechsler scales-Historically, had verbal, performance, and overall scores
Now follows theorizing in cognitive psychology
*Verbal comprehension, perceptual reasoning, working memory, and processing speed - 13Spearman: The 'g' Factor-Spearman invented factor analysis
-Intelligence—two kinds of factors
*“g”, or general factor, believed to be the key to understanding intelligence
*Specific factors with narrow applicability - 14Thurstone: Primary Mental Abilities-Core intelligence consists of seven factors:
(1)Verbal comprehension (2)Verbal fluency (3)Inductive reasoning (4)Spatial visualization (5)Number (6)Memory (7)Perceptual speed - 15Cattell, Vernon, and Carroll: Hierarchical Models-Cattell: fluid and crystallized intelligence
*Fluid: speed and accuracy of abstract thinking
*Crystallized: accumulated knowledge and vocab
-Vernon: practical-mechanical and verbal-educational
-Carroll-three strata:
*Specific: spelling ability, speed of reasoning, etc
*Broad: fluid and crystallized, learning and memory processes, visual perception, auditory perception
*General: similar to Spearman g - 16Information Processing and Intelligencetheorists study how people mentally manipulate what they learn and know about the world
- 17Processing-Timing Theories-Inspection time
-Choice reaction time
-Lexical access speed
-Speed of simultaneous processing - 18Process-Timing Theories-Measure: length of time for the presentation of the target stimulus
-Task: 2 unequal vertical lines presented, shorter presented on either left or right of horizontal crossbar; have to decide if shorter line was on left or right
-Inspection time: the length of time for presentation of the target stimulus after which the participant still responds with 90% accuracy
-Results: shorter inspection times correlate with higher scores on intelligence tests - 19Choice reaction timeThe time it takes to select one answer from among several possibilities
- 20Lexical-access speed-Speed with which we can retrieve information about words stored in LTM
-Measures with letter matching, reaction time task
-AA, Aa, Ab
-Match in name? Match physically? Difference between these two matches in terms of speed for each task indicates measure of lexical access speed - 21Speed of simultaneous processingPeople’s ability to divide their attention (perform math task and listen for a tone)
- 22Working Memory-Critical component to intelligence
*Some investigators have argued that intelligence may be little more than working memory (Conway et al., 2011; Kyllonen & Christal, 1990)
-The ability to store and manipulate information in working memory may be an important aspect of intelligence
*Probably not all there is to intelligence, however - 23Componential Theory and Complex Problem Solving-Components: Mental processes used in performing tasks on conventional intelligence tests
-Componential analysis: Breaks down people’s reaction times and error rates (Example: lawyer: client::doctor: (patient or medicine); Encode terms of the problem; Infer relations among at least some of the terms and map the inferred relations to other terms; Apply previously inferred relations to new situations - 24An Integrative Approach-Breadth of declarative knowledge
-Breadth of procedural skills
-Capacity of working memory
-Speed of processing - 25Biological Bases of Intelligence-Modest, but significant relationship between brain volume and intelligence
-Complex patterns of electrical activity in the brain related to intelligence
-Flexibility of neural circuitry
-Glucose metabolism - 26Cultural Context and Intelligence-Contextualism
-Culture and intelligence
-Culture-fair tests
-Culture-relevant tests - 27ContextualismIntelligence understood in real-world context
- 28Culture and intelligence-Culture: set of attitudes, beliefs and values shared
-Kpelle tribe in Africa
-Puluwat - 29Culture-fair testsequally appropriate and fair for members of all cultures
- 30Culture-relevant testsmeasure skills and knowledge that relate to the cultural experiences of test-takers
- 31Gardner: Multiple Intelligences-Linguistic
-Logical-mathematical
-Spatial
-Musical
-Bodily-kinesthetic
-Interpersonal
-Intrapersonal
-Naturalistic - 32Linguistic Intelligenceused in reading a book; writing a paper, a novel, or a poem; and understanding spoken words
- 33Logical-mathematical Intelligenceused in solving math problems, in balancing a checkbook, in solving a math proof, and in logical reasoning
- 34Spatial Intelligenceused in getting from one place to another, in reading a map, and in packing suitcases in the trunk of a car so that they all fit into a compact space
- 35Musical Intelligenceused in singing a song, composing a sonata, playing a trumpet, or even appreciating the structure of a piece of music
- 36Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligenceused in dancing, playing basketball, running a mile, or throwing a javelin
- 37Interpersonal Intelligenceused in relating to other people, such as when we try to understand another person's behavior, motives, or emotions
(empathy) - 38Intrapersonal Intelligenceused in understanding ourselves - the basis for understanding who we are, what makes us angry, and how we can change ourselves, given out existing constraints on our abilities/interests
- 39Naturalistic Intelligenceused in understanding patterns in nature
- 40Gardner's 8 signs for detecting discrete intelligences-Potential isolation by brain damage
-Exceptional individuals
-Core operation
-Novice to master
-Evolutionary history
-Cognitive-experimental research
-Evidence from psychometric tests
-Susceptibility to encoding in a symbol system - 41Improving Intelligence: Effective, Ineffective, and Questionable Strategies-Intelligence is malleable to a point
-Environmental factors: (1)Our environments (2)Our motivation (3)Our training
-Heredity plays a role: For any attribute that is partly genetic, there is a reaction range of potential intelligence - 42Improving Children's Intelligence-Head Start program (preschoolers): Long-term follow-up studies have indicated effectiveness
-Enriched home environment: Abecedarian Project = Carefully planned and executed interventions are effective for those of lower socioeconomic status and low birth-weight children - 43Early Childhood Factors to Improve Children's Intelligence-Emotional and verbal responsivity caregiver
-Caregiver’s involvement with the child
-Avoidance of restriction and punishment
-Organization of the physical environment and activity schedule
-Provision of appropriate play materials
-Opportunities for variety in daily stimulation - 44Development of Intelligence in Adults-Intelligence develops with age
*Fluid intelligence: higher for young adults
*Crystallized intelligence: higher for older adults
*Not all intelligence declines with age
1. Some researchers question evidence of intellectual decline
2. Consensus on slowing of rate of processing
-At all times throughout the life span, there is considerable plasticity—modifiability—of abilities - 456 Factors in Conceptions of Wisdom(1) Reasoning ability
(2) Sagacity (shrewdness)
(3) Learning from ideas and from the environment
(4) Judgment
(5) Expeditious use of information
(6) Perspicacity - 46Can a Computer Program Be "Intelligent"?-Artificial intelligence: Intelligence in symbol-processing systems such as computers
*Computers cannot actually think
1. Can give us insight into the details of how people process information cognitively - 47The Turing Test (Alan Turing, 1963)-Test to determine whether an observer can distinguish the performance of a computer from that of a human
-Researchers are less interested in overall reaction times than in patterns of reaction times
-Sometimes the goal is to exceed human performance
*Deep Blue (brute-force method) - 48Applications of Artificial Intelligence-DARPA Grand Challenge: Robotics Challenge
-Mars Rovers: Make (some) mission decisions and act self-reliant - 49Intelligence vs. Appearance of Intelligence-Searle’s Chinese Room: if a computer can make someone think they are talking to a human, then it's intelligent
-Do computers have an ability to simulate some degree of skill development and knowledge acquisition?
*There is consensus that computer programs still do not approach human’s ability to enhance our intelligence
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- Psychology Karteikarten am Chapter 13 Human Intelligence, erstellt von Khiana Odekirk am 01/05/2017.
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