Population & Migration

Population & Migration

1. Migration

   • Push and pull factors
     • Push: making you leave the place
     • Pull: attracting you to a new place
   • Emigrant: leaving the country
   • Immigrant: coming into a place
   • Guest workers: people who come into a country with special permission and do work for a company that the current labor force cannot fulfill. They have certain permissions, and are expected to leave after that are done.
   • Catalyst of migration: technological advancements
   • Internal Migration: Moving within a country
   • Transnational Migration: Migration across national borders
   • Gravity Model: You are less likely to move somewhere further over somewhere closer, but size of a city matters
   • Distance Decay: people move to closer and more familiar locations
   • Labor Flows: People move from former colonies to main area. Routes emerge from import-export routes
   • intervening Opportunity: closer opps. will be more attractive than farther ones, even if the father one is slightly better
   • Countermigration: moving back
   • cyclic movement: a cycle of movement
     • Activity space: Where you go on a day to day basis and how far you travel.
     • Commuting: traveling to place of work
     • Nomadism/ Trashumance: Traveling with animals to only find food and water, seasonal
   • Periodic Movement: Moving for a job for a set period of time
   • Chain Migration: Moving across kinship links
   • Remittances: Money sent to family to convince them to move
   • Forced Migration Voluntary migration
   • Refugee: Someone has been dispalced out of their home due to war, violence. persecution
   • IDP: someone displaced in their own country
   • Asylum seeker: someone who wants to become a permanent resident, refugees want to go back home

2. Births and Deaths

   • Rapid population
     • Decrease in Death Rate
     • Improved healthcare
     • High Fertility
     • High Migration
     • Education: Shortage in teachers, supplies, and space.
     • Healthcare: Enough... doctors, space, medicine, knowledge?
   • Access to Birth control, family planning, contraception
   • What does the culture have to do with birth? Women education and ability to have a job, Gender roles, Patriarchial Society
   • Pronatal and Antinatal policies
     • Pronatal: for babies
       • Gvt. provdies rewards or incentives for having children
         • Long maternity leave, paid maternity leave, tax break for daycare
     • Antinatal: against babies
       • Eugenics, when government favors one race over another
       • Incentives to raise population
         • Jobs for women
         • access to birth control
       • China's strict one child policy
         • Limiting couples to one child.
           • Denying 2nd child services
           • Financial punishment
           • Consequences:
             • increased abortion rates
             • uneven women to men ratio
               • Abandoned young girls
             • prefer men
       • Gender issues: favoring 1 sex over the other

3. DTM

   • Stage 1
     • Stage 1: Hunter Gatherers, barter society, Not many kids and they didn't survive.
       • Cause of death is starvation, usually the kids and women would die, as the people who hunt get food priority.
   • Stage 2/3
     • Stage 2: Rapid growth with may children. Not TOO many people dying
       • Subsistence farming Cause of death is sanitation issues, illness and starvation
     • Stage 3: Newly industrialized countries, less fertility rates, but still growing population due to the amount to of people in reproductive age.
       • Manufacturing jobs, 50% Service and farming jobs 50%
       • Cause of Death is cardiovascular disease and issues
   • Stage 4/5
     • Stage 4: Many old people, same amount of kids as people in reproductive age. Replacement rate has been acheived
       • Service jobs, cause of death is geriatric dieseases
     • Stage 5; Less kids that people in reproductive age, many old people, population is declining!!
       • Advanced research jobs and technology. Cause of death is DELAYED geriatric diseases
     • An Aging Population: More old people than young people
       • Yound people have to pay for old people retirement and health funds.
       • Labor Shortage.
       • Old people vote for conservative parties
   • Demographic momentum: Fertility rate is falling, but many people are entering their reproductive age.

4. Where is the world?

   • People live where their resources are
     • Cultural: People move to family and cultural links
     • Economic: People live where they have jobs.
     • Historical migration patterns affect nowadays
     • People move out of where there is political unrest
   • Arable Land: Land to farm
   • Population density, how many people to the space they occupy
   • Ecumene: The portion of earth where people are, increasing due to technology
   • Carrying Capacity: how many people a place can house with their given resources
   • Physiological Density: How many people per square unit of ARABLE land
   • Arithmetic Density: People per square unit of land.
   • Overpopulation: When the population exceeds the carrying capacity
   • Underpopulation: When the population is under the carrying capacity,
   • Fertility Rate: How many children a woman will have in her lifetime
   • Crude BR: How many people born per 1K per yr Crude DR: How many people die per 1K people per yr
   • Infant Mortality rate: how many babies die before age 1, out of 1K people Child mortality rate: How many kids die before age 5, out of 1k people

5. Population Pyramids

   • Rapid Growth: Wide base
     • Many kids
     • DTM Stage 2
     • Large number of people entering reproductive ages
   • Medium Growth: Beehive/Bell
     • Stage 3
     • NICS
   • Indicators of a developing country
     • Low literacy rates Low income per capita
     • Low Life expectancy High infant mortality
     • High fertility rates Low education for women
     • Developed Country is OPPOSITE
   • Slow growth: Replacement rate
     • Box shape
     • Stage 4
   • Negative growth: Cone shape
     • Fewer children than adults
     • Stage 4/5

6. Thomas Malthus:

   • Believed that the world would run out of food due to the rapidly expanding population
   • The upper class should exercise "moral restraint"
   • Didn't take into account to technological advancements
   • Eugenics: selective breeding in humans

7. population explosion

8. Push and Pull factors

   • Push: making you leave the place
     • Economic: Not having a job
     • Political: War, oppressive gvt.
     • enviromental: natural disasters
   • Pull; attracting you to the place
     • Demographic: Less crowded
     • JOBS!
     • Move to a favorable enviroment
     • Political Freedom