applied memory

applied memory

1. everyday memory

   • source
   • spatial
   • emotional
   • face
   • prospective
   • forgetting
   • distortions

2. education

   • techniques
   • mem. improvement
   • assessment
   • feedback
   • individual differences
   • forgetting
   • distortions

3. forensic

   • lie detect
   • child&elderly
   • emotion
   • face
   • interviewing
   • testimony
   • social influence

4. improving memory

   • encoding/retrieval
   • testing effect
   • spacing effect
   • learn during sleep
   • mnemonics
   • exceptional memories

5. encoding processing

   • Craik & Lockhart levels of processing framework
     • incidental -byproduct of processing
     • shallow-deep hierarchy
     • determines amount retained -semantic=best
     • elaborative rehearsal is better than maintenance
     • intention/effort/time/difficulty/rehearsal doesn't effect LoP
     • case/rhyme/sentence allows for greater semantic links
       • Craik & Tulving
     • Robust- works everytime
     • circular-difficult to know if deep or not

6. retrieval

   • semantic/rhyme
     • shallow= better than deep on rhyming
     • semantic is mostly best
       • semantics organise & reduce cog load & maximise learning- Tulving
       • organise into chunks assists learning

7. distinctiveness & organisation

   • distinctive= enhances memorability - not following pronunciation rules enhances subsequent memory (eysenck)
   • out of place= pay more attention
     • more likely to process
   • mindmaps= active,connections,hierarchy,concise,visual
     • Nesbit & Adesope found benefits over lists/summaries/reading

8. testing effect

   • intervening test=better performance on final than restudying
     • effect is greater when intervening test is harder
   • evident in: word pairs,face pairs,text passages,word lists,map
   • reduced forgetting
   • transfer appropriate
     • retrieval at intermediate test =same as final test
   • elaborate retrieval
     • testing involves specific target
       • activates related concepts

9. distributed practice effect

   • memory improves when sessions are spread
   • massed learning- item presented twice immediately after eachother
   • spaced learning- item presented twice but separated by intervening items
     • effect is due to difference in memory between mass & spaced items
   • deficiency processing- short lag= pay less attention & process second presentation less
   • encoding variability- far apart presentations= distinct learning contexts
   • study phase retrieval- 2nd presentation serves as a cue