Chapter 2: Atomic structure & Interatomic bonding

Chapter 2: Atomic structure & Interatomic bonding

1. Bonding

   • Primary bonding
     • Metallic Bonds
       • sharing of variable number of electrons by a variable number of atoms.
       • force of attraction between the positive metal ion and "sea of electron"formed between atoms of metal.
         • solid in state except mercury
         • Insoluble in all solvonts
         • High boiling and melting point as a result of giant mettallic structure
         • malleable and ductile
         • conducts electricity in the solid and molten state
     • Covalent bond
       • what does covalent means?
         • if forms because the electrostatic all raction between the nuclei of the atom and shared electrons
         • non-metals react with non- metals and there share electrons
       • there con't conduct electricity
         • there is no charges because electrons are shared not transferred
       • the number of bond determine the number of electrons
     • Ionic Bonds
       • occurs between metal atoms and nonmetal atoms
       • bond formed when an electron is transferred from one atom to another, resulting in +ve and –ve ions.
   • secondary bonding
     • Properties
       • found in most of materials, but overshadowed by the strength of primary bonding.
       • weak in nature
     • van der waals
       • caused by the attractions between electron-rich region of one molecules and electron-poor region of another.
     • Hydrogen bonding
       • exist between some molecules that have hydrogen as one of the constituents

2. Electron Configuration

   • Shell (short electron configuration)
   • Subshell (full electron configuration)
     • they are divided into 4 :
       • Subshell:s Electrons:2
       • Subshell:p Electrons:6
       • Subshell:d Electrons:10
       • Subshell:f Electrons:14
     • number of subshell in shells
       • first shell
         • 1s
       • second shell
         • 2s,2p
       • third shell
         • 3s,3p,3d
       • fourth shell
         • 4s,4p,4d,4f

3. Valence Electrons

   • electrons involved in bonding
   • bonding great significance in determining the properties of atom
   • the same valance electrons have the same properties
   • same valance electron will be in same group
   • electrons in the outer shell

4. atomic number and atomic mass

   • Atomic number
     • number of electrons and number of protons
   • atomic mass
     • the mas of an atom is in atomic mass unit

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