Ramirez et al

Ramirez et al

1. Investigated whether AGGRESSION varied between CULTURES and between MALES and FEMALES

2. 400 psychology students volunteered to participate (half were at uni in Japan the other half were in Spain)

   • completed questionnaire which measured different types of aggression
     • verbal agression
       • physical agression
         • anger
           • hostility
           • males and females in both cultures showed same levels of anger
         • Japanese students showed more PA than Spanish
         • males showed more VA & hostility than females in both cultures
       • Spanish showed more VA & anger than Japanese
     • Likert stylequestions

3. cultural sterotypes of Japanese being shy and not showing emotions & Spaniards being temperamental

   • study found: Japanese males & females MORE PA
     • Spanish MORE VA and is consistent with stereotype of expressing their emotions
       • males more aggressive than females

4. strengths:

   • questionnaire produced quantative data so can't be interpreted differently
     • ethical study as students were volunteers & knew results would be published

5. weaknesses

   • all participnts were psychology students so may have guessed aim or answered questions in socially desirable way
     • students may have answered according to the way they think they would act but in real life may behave differently