Intelligence (People)

Intelligence (People)

1. Francis Galton

   • Brit. Aristocracy more advanced
   • Intelligence inherited and school wasted on lower classes
   • Popularised Psychometric testing

2. Binet

   • Mental Age = mean age at which children achieve a particular score
   • measured performance based on complex tasks
   • Simon - problem solving abilites increase with age

3. Terman

   • revised Binet's test = introduced 'intelligence quotient'
     • IQ = quantifies intellectual functioning
   • IQ = MA/CA X100
   • Army Tests
     • Alpha = literate
     • Beta = illiterate
       • spoken to measure native intellectual ability = highly subjective

4. Wechsler

   • strengths and weaknesses
   • Tests: verbal comprehension, spatial reasoning, working memory, processing speed
   • Got rid of concept of MA and introduced frequency distribution

5. Gall

   • Early 1800's
   • systematic anatomy of the skull
   • shape of skull determines dominant brain regions related to ability

6. Vaught

   • Systematic study of face and head type
   • Manual for identifying people's personality and intelligence 'type'

7. Samuel Morton

   • measured 100's of skulls (600x native americans)
   • Caucasians had a larger cranial capacity

8. Bean

   • 1900 - brain size showing no consistent results, moved onto brain part size
   • FRONT > BACK = more FRONTAL brain connections (Higher Intelligence) = whites
   • o FRONT < BACK = LESS FRONTAL brain connections (Lower Intelligence) = blacks
   • beans supervisor repeated experiment = no correlation

9. Cyril Burt

   • studied heritability of intelligence using 53 pairs of MZ twins seperated at birth
   • Changed Brit. school system to "streaming" based off IQ
   • Claimed research was inherited and social circumstance play minor role
   • fabricated results