MULTI-STORE MODEL

MULTI-STORE MODEL

1. Evaluation

   • Criticisms
     • Strenghts
       • The model provides an account of memory interns of both structure and process, however the model has been criticised for focusing on structure and little on process
       • This model has a clear predictions about memory which means psychologists can conduct studies to test.
     • Limitations
       • The STM and LTM are not unitary stores
         • Evidence suggests that the unitary structures proposed by the MSM is not true. a case study called KF who suffered brain damage which resulted in difficulty dealing with verbal information in STM but a normal ability to process visual information. This suggests the STM is not a single store
           • Baddeley and Hitch proposed the Working memory model
         • Spiers et al studied memory in 147 amnesia patients. in all cases their perceptual-representaion and procedural memories were intact the other two systems were not, showing that the LTM in not unitary
       • Rehearsal is too simplistic
         • Research has suggest that maintenance rehearsal is not the only means by which enduring memories are created. Craik and Lockhart proposed that memories are created by the type of processing you do, Things that are deeply processed are more memorable just because the way they are processed
           • Craik and Tulving (1975)
   • Research for separate memory stores
     • The serial positions effect
       • support for the distinction between STM and LTM comes form Glanzer and Cunitz (1966)
       • Participant were given a list of 20 words, presented one at a time, and asked them to recall any words they could remember
       • They tended to remember the words from the start of the list which is known as the primacy effect and from the end of the list, this is ono as the recency effect. However participant were least good at remembering words from the middle of the list
         • An asymptote- the middle portion of the list of items are remembered less as the increasing number of items fills the limited capacity of the STM and these later times are not properly rehearsed to enter the LTM. They are eventually displaced.
       • The primacy effect occurs because these words are transferred to the LTM and the recency effect occurs as words are still in the STM
     • Brain Scans- Case studies
       • The case study of HM
         • His brain damage was cause by an operation to remove the hippocampus on both side of his brain to reduce severe epilepsy.
         • His personality and intellect were intact but he could not longer form new long-term memories, though he could remember things from before the surgery
       • The Case Study Of Clive Wearing
   • Research into the STM and LTM
     • Baddeley (Encoding)
     • Peterson and Peterson (duration of STM)
     • Bahrick et al (duration in LTM)
     • Miller (capacity of STM)

2. Designed by Atkinson and Shiffrin

   • The Multi-store model of memory is a linear process, where information from the environment passes through three stores of memory
   • The Three stores
     • SENSOR MEMORY (SM)
       • Composed of several stores- the eyes, ears, nose, fingers, tongue, etc.
       • it is constantly receiving information, but most of this receives no attention and remains in the sensory store for a very brief period.
       • if a persons attention is focused on one of the sensory stores, then data is transferred to the STM.
       • Attention is the first step to remembering something.
     • SHORT-TERM MEMORY (STM)
       • The STM has a limited capacity of 7+/-2 chucks (Miller)
       • It also has a Short duration swell of approximately 20 seconds (Peterson and Peterson)
       • Information in the STM is encoded Acoustically (Baddeley 1966)
       • Information must be Rehearsed (Maintenance rehearsal) to enter the LTM and Stay in the STM
     • LONG-TERM MEMORY
       • The LTM has a Unlimited capacity
       • It also has a Unlimited duration (Bahrick et al)
       • Information is encoded in the LTM Semantically (Baddeley 1966)

Bilder und Dateien der Mindmap