Multi-Store Model of Memory

Multi-Store Model of Memory

1. AO1

   • Features
     • Seperate, unitary in function
     • Different Locations
     • Function/Process Individually
   • Sensory Register
     • Echoic Store
       • Auditory Information Processed
       • Iconic Store
         • Visual information Processed
     • Capacity - Vast to process millions of pieces of eelctrical information at any one time
     • Duration - <0.5 Seconds
   • Short-Term Memory
     • Limited Capacity - 7+-2
     • Acoustic Encoding
     • Maintainence Rehearsal: Acoustic Repetition of info in STM to retain it longer than the 18 second duration
   • LTM
     • Events, Facts, Actions
     • >30 Seconds
     • Semantic Encoding
     • Potentially unlimited capacity/duration
     • Elaborative Rehearsal: Prolonged acoustic repetition of information in STM to transfer it to LTM
     • Retrieval: Recalling LTM's, temporarily placed in STM for as long as we're focusing on them. Will decay from store when no longer needed but remain in LTM
     • Tulving suggested A and S MSM was too simple
       • Episodic
         • Recall of specific events
         • Time-Stamped
         • Complex - Lots of detail
         • Conscious effort required
       • Procedural
         • Memeory for Action Sequences/Specific Skills
         • Subconscious
         • Difficult to explain how to teach these actions
       • Semantic
         • General Facts/Language/Information
         • Vast Capacity - Potentially unlimited
         • Not Time-Stamped - Cannot remember when we learned these memories, conscious effort required
       • Strengths
         • Amnesiac Case Studies
           • HM - Fully impaired Episodic Memory
             • Could remember semantic facts <16
               • Unimpaired procedural memory
                 • Suggests impairment was not global, and tulving was correct to split the system into substores
           • Clive Wearing
             • Damaged Hippocampus - Same type of impairment as HM
         • PET Scan Results, Tulving et al
           • P's engaged with recall tasks taxing semantic/episodic LTM
             • Semantic Right PFC
               • Episodic Left PFc
                 • Evidence for a split LTM due to different neurological locations

2. AO3

   • Weaknesses
     • P: Provided by Shallice and Warrington
       • E1: Case Study of KF - Had motocycle accident, STM impaired when processing auditory information but unimpaired w/ visual
         • E2: Challenges A and S claims that 3 stores are single units since KF's impairment was not global.
           • L: Partial Impairment suggests STM should be split into sub stores
     • P: Craik and Watkins
       • E1: Not about the amount of rehearsal; It's about the type
         • We transfer meaningful info to LTM without repetition by sotring it alongside pre-existing LTM's
   • Strengths
     • P: Support Provided by HM
       • E1: rofound Amnesiac who had HC removed by 27 to address eplilepsy
         • E2: No new LTM's could be formed - Could only remember before 16
           • L: Supports claims that stores are separate, as one is fully functional and the other is impaired, suggesting different neurological locations
     • P: Provided by Glanzer and Cunitz
       • E1: Serial Position Effect (Position of item/word affects recall)
         • E2: Recency Effect - Last 7 Words being better recalled supports the theorised capacity of the STM