Memory

Memory

1. Multi-Store Model Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968)

   • STM
     • Encoding: Acoustic
       • Conrad (1964)
     • Capacity: 7+/-2
       • Miller (1956)
     • Duration: 0-18s
       • Peterson & Peterson (1959)
   • LTM
     • Encoding: Semantic
       • Baddeley (1966)
     • Capacity: Unlimited
     • Duration: Unlimited
       • Bahrick et al (1975)
   • Evaluation
     • Strengths
       • Supports links between STM + LTM
       • A lot of research has developed from it
     • Weaknesses
       • Oversimplified
       • Different types of LTM
       • Rehearsal isnt essential
       • Some things we do rehears we cant remember

2. Working Memory Baddeley & Hitch (1974)

   • Componants
     • Central Executive
       • Most important and versatile
       • Coordinates slave functions
       • Directs attention
     • Phonological Loop
       • Circulates information around like a tape loop
       • Keep repeating it keeping it in WM
       • How we remember phone numbers
     • Visuo- Spatial Sketchpad
       • Deals with visual & spatial
       • Manipulate information in LTM
       • Keeps track of us in relation to objects in envrionment
   • Evaluation
     • Strengths
       • Applies to real life tasks
       • Makes sense of reading & problem solving
     • Weakness
       • Little evidence to how Central executive works
       • Implies visual and spatial are linked
   • Baddeley & Hitch (1976)

3. Why We Forget

   • Forgetting
     • Memory Disappears
     • Cant be retrieved
     • Trace Decay
     • Displacement
     • Serial Position Curve
       • Rehears words at the start LTM
       • Rehears words at the end STM
   • Interference Theory
     • Information combined in LTM encoding
   • Lack of Consolidation
     • Takes 30 minutes
     • Information needs time to be recorded
     • Aging impairs consolidation

4. Eyewitness Testimony

   • Reconstructive Memory
     • reconstructed not videotaped
   • Children as witnesses
     • Imaginations
     • Say whats expected
     • Peer pressure
     • Stereo-types of 'bad people'
     • Sit behind scene so arent intimidated
   • Anxiety/ Stress
     • Less stressed = better memory
     • Yerkes Dobson Curve (1978)
   • Weapon Focus
     • Concentrate on weapon not events
     • Loftus et al (1987)
   • Cognitive Interview
     • Reporting every detail
     • Reverse Order
     • Mental recreation of original scene
     • Different perspective
     • Can't be widely adopted
       • Extensive training
       • Takes longer than standard

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