PSYCHOLOGY TOPIC D

PSYCHOLOGY TOPIC D

1. STUDIES: APRC

   • JONES(192$): CURING A BOY'S PHOBIA
     • AIM: TO INVESTIGATE WHETHER A LITTLE BOY'S PHOBIA COULD BE DECONDITIONED AND TO SEE IF IT WOULD GENERALISE
     • PROCEDURE: JONES WATCHED PETER (2 YEARS, 10 MONTHS) PLAY WITH BEADS AS HE WAS SHOWN A RAT BY EXPERIMENTER. THIS RESULTED IN PETER SCREAMING, HE WAS MOVED AWAY AND THE RATS TOUCHED THE BEADS HE PROTESTED BUT NOT WHEN OTHER WHEN ANOTHER CHILD TOUCHED THEM. NEXT DAY, PETER'S REACTIONS TO DIFFERENT OBJECTS WAS OBSERVED, THE FEAR HAD GENERALISED. A RABBIT WAS THEN USED TO DECONDITIONED AS HIS FEAR WAS STRONGER. A HIERARCHY OF FEARS USED.
     • RESULTS: PETER'S BEHAVIOUR HAD IMPROVED AND WORSENED AS THE HIERARCHY WAS NOT CONTINUOUS, USED SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY OTHER CHILDREN AS ROLE MODELS AND CLASSICAL CONDITIONING WAS USED
     • CONCLUSION: BOTH METHODS OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING AND SLT HELPED DECONDITION PETER. AND REDUCE GENERALISED FEARS.
   • BENNETT-LEVY AND MARTEAU (1984)
     • AIM: TO SEE WHETHER WE FEAR OR AVOID ANIMALS WHICH MOVE QUICKLY,SUDDENLY AND LOOK DIFFERENT FROM HUMANS
     • PROCEDURE: TWO QUESTIONNAIRES(LIKERT STYLE) , BOTH HAD QUESTIONS ABOUT THE SAME 29 ANIMALS, PARTICIPANTS WERE TOLD NONE WERE DANGEROUS. 30 MEN AND 34 WOMEN ANSWERED, 24 MEN AND 25 WOMEN ANSWERED QUESTIONNAIRE 2
       • QUESTIONNAIRE 1: ASKED TO RATE FEAR OF ANIMAL (1-NOT AFRAID, 3-VERY AFRAID) AND HOW CLOSE THEY WOULD GET (1 - PICK IT UP, 5- FURTHER THAN 2 METRES AWAY) QUESTIONNAIRE 2: HOW THEY FELT ABOUT EACH SPECIES ON: UGLINESS, SLIMINESS,SPEED, HOW SUDDEN THEY MOVE (1= NOT, 3= VERY)
     • RESULTS: PEOPLE WERE LESS LIKELY TO APPROACH UGLY OR SLIMY, SPEEDY OR SUDDENLY MOVING ANIMALS AND MORE AFRAID OF UGLY,SLIMY, SPEEDY OR SUDDEN MOVING ANIMALS (RAT,COCKROACH,JELLYFISH,SPIDER)
     • CONCLUSION: THE FEATURES LISTED ALL MAKE ANIMALS MORE FRIGHTENING. UGLINESS IS JUDGED UNSIMILAR FEATURES COMPARED TO HUMANS. MANY ANIMALS WHICG CAYSE PHOBIAS ARE UGLY,SLIMY,SPEEDY OR MOVE SUDDEN. SUPPORTING IDEA OF PREPAREDNESS RELATING TO ANIMAL'S FEATURES
   • HEINRICHS ET AL (2005): CULTURE DIFFERENCES IN FEAR
     • AIM: TO SEE WHETHER SOCIAL ANXIETY AND FEARS VARIED IN DIFFERENT CULTURES
     • PROCEDURE: 909 PSYCHOLOGY STUDENTS (8 DIFFERENT COUNTRIES AND VOLUNTEERED). DIVIDED INTO COLLECTIVIST OR INDIVIDUALISTIC CULTURES, IC: US,AUSTRALIA, CANADA, GERMANY, AND THE NETHERLANDS. CC: SPAIN, KOREA, JAPAN. PARTICIPANTS GIVEN SOCIAL SITUATION AND ASKED HOW THEY WOULD REACT. THEN ASKED TO COMPLETE A SOCIAL ANXIETY AND BLUSHING QUESTIONNAIRE.
     • CONCLUSION: CC'S SHOWED GREATER SOCIAL ANXIETY AND FEAR OF BLUSHING, CC'S HAVE STRICT RULES ABOUT BEHAVIOUR IN SOCIETY SOME OF THEM RESULT IN PUNISHMENTS
     • RESULTS: CC: REACTED TO SITUATIONS IN WAYS WHICH SHOWED HIGH SOCIAL ANXIETY. ANSWERS WHICH AVOIDED PUBLIC INTERACTION OR PUBLIC SPEAKING. CC'S MORE FEARFUL OF BLUSHING AND SCORED HIGHER ON SOCIAL ANXIETY QUESTIONNAIRE COMPARED TO IC

2. THEORIES/CASE STUDIES

   • CLASSICAL CONDITIONING (PAVLOV'S DOG): BUILDING ASSOCIATION BETWEEN 2 THINGS
     • IF SOMEONE GOT CHASED BY A LARGE DOG THEY COULD ASSOCIATE FEAR WITH DOGS AS THIS HAPPENED TO HIM.
       • GENERALISATION IS WHEN YOU ASSOCIATE SIMILAR THINGS FOR EXAMPLE GETTING ATTACKED BY A BULLDOG BUT THEN GENERALISING THIS FEAR TO OTHER BREEDS OF DOGS
         • EVALUATION: PAVLOV'S DOG: ANIMAL WAS USED AND THEIR BRAINS ARE DIFFERENT TO HUMANS WHICH DOES NOT SUPPORT THE THEORY
   • SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY(BANDURA'S BOBO DOLLS): PEOPLE LEARN FROM ONE ANOTHER, VIA OBSERVATION, IMITATION AND MODELLING
     • SOMEONE MAY HAVE SEEN A ROLE MODEL BE SCARED OF A SPIDER AND THEY WOULD MODEL BEHAVIOUR AND LEARN TO REACT THIS WAY TO SPIDERS.
       • EVALUATION: DOESN'T EXPLAIN OLDER PEOPLE'S PHOBIAS AS IT INFLUENCES CHILDREN MORE
   • PREPAREDNESS (SELIGMAN): THEORY THAT EVOLUTION HAS 'PREPARED' US TO FEAR THREATENING THINGS
     • MORE LIKELY FOR SOMEONE TO BE AWARE OF DANGERS OF SPIDERS SUCH AS STING OF TARANTULA SO THEY ARE AFRAID OF THIS AND THIS WAS PASSED THROUGH EVOLUTION
       • EVALUATION: DOESN'T EXPLAIN MODERN PHOBIA'S

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