memory

memory

1. models of memory

   • multistore model
     • sensory register
       • ionic store - visual
         • eonic - acoustic
           • haptic - physical/touch
       • all environmental stimuli passed through (modality specific)
       • duration - 0.5 secs
       • capacity - vast
     • LTM
       • duration - unlimited
         • + barrick, yearbooks
       • capacity - unlimited
         • it just is
       • coding - semantic
         • + baddeley, acoustically/semantically similar/dissimilar
     • backgorund: 1) structural model 2) 3 stores 3) info passes linear 4) STM + LTM = unitary stores
     • AO3
       • + support , HM - existence of separate STm/LTM - not form new mem
       • + glanzer + Cunitz , serial position effect - primacy, recency
       • - KF, better @ acoustic than visual, against a unitary store
       • - overemphasis on rehearsal
       • I&D, machine reductionist
   • STM
     • duration - 0-18 secs
       • peterson + peterson - trigrams
     • capacity - 7+-2
       • jacobs = 9.3 digit span. Miller = 7+-2 chunks or indivual
     • coding - acoustically
       • badelley, acoustically/semantically disimilar/similar
   • WORKING MEMORY MODEL
     • BACKGROUND
       • 1) replace idea of unitary STM 2) active processing not passive 3) centeral executive that controls slave systems (2 with 3rd added in 2002)
     • centeral executive
       • filter to sensory system
       • monitor and co ordinate other slave system
       • very limited capacity
       • described as 'attentional process'
     • phonological loop
       • auditory info
       • acticulatory process = inner voice, maintence rehearsal of words
       • phonological store = inner ear, stores words you hear
     • visual + spatial info
       • inner scribe = spatial relationships
       • visual cache = colour shape and size
     • episodic buffer
       • back up store
       • integrates/ coordinates 2 slave systems
       • explains why some aneasiacs dont fit original model
     • AO3
       • + support KF, impaired verbally, not visually
         • PROBLEMS WITH CASE STUDIES, IDOGRAPHIC
       • +badelley, dual tasks = perform worse
         • BAD ECOLOGICAL VALIDITY
       • + despacito, FMRI = episodic buffer evidence (pre frontal cortex). verbal nd visual together
       • + application, explain reading difficulty + offer roots for therapy
       • - centeral exec = very vague ( several sub components ? )
       • I&D machine reductionist

2. definitions

   • encoding - way info is changed to be stored in memory
   • capacity - how much info can be stored
   • duration - period of time info lasts in mem stores

3. types of LTM

   • procedural
     • learned skills
     • subconscious
     • non declarative - implicit
   • episodic
     • time stamped info
     • remembering rather than knowing
   • semantic
     • general facts and knowledge of the world
     • knowing rather then remembering
   • AO3
     • +HM, mirror drawing OR clive wearing, piano = impair one type of LTM without other
     • +Peterson, demonstrated that semantic recalled from left prefrontal cortex but episodic recalled from right
     • - rather than using tulvings, it should just be separated as declarative and non-declarative
     • + practical application, mild cogntive impairments mainly effect episodic mems.

4. explanations fro forgetting

   • interference
     • retroactive
       • new mems block recollection of old mems
       • + george MUller. ps remember nonsense syllables 6 mins, painting group remebered less words. new mems interfere old memes
     • proactibve
       • old mems block recollection of new mems
       • + benton underwood, 1 word list = 70% retention, 5 word lists = 20% retention. old mems interfere with aquiring new mems
     • mcgeoch + mcDonald = interference is stronger when stimuli are similar
       • ps recall synomyns or antoymns. synomym group recall worse
     • AO3
       • + 100s of research studies. lab experiements = increase validity
       • - the negatives of lab research ie ecological validy, intervals too short - mundane realism, doesnt reflect real life scenarios of forgetting
       • - I&D reductionist. more overlapping?
     • background: recall of one mem blocks recall of another
   • retrival failure
     • context dependant forgetting
       • badelley, underwater recall 40% better then on beach
       • how much external conditions affect mem
     • state dependant forgetting
       • how much internal condtions affect memory
       • sarah carter, drowsy medicine - word lists
       • goodwin, drunk - hiding money
     • forgetting occurs when ques at time of encoding are not present at time of recall
       • describes ESP (encoding specifity principle)- tulving
     • AO3
       • + many supporting studies and real life evidence
       • + real world application, eye witness testimony ( context reinstatement)
       • - eco validity of lab tasks
       • - unfalsifable, has que been encoded?
       • - esp suffers from cyclical reasoning

5. factors affecting EWT

   • MISLEADING INFO
     • LEADING QS
       • loftus + palmer, road traffic accident film
         • smashed = 40.8 MPH
           • contacted = 31.8 MPH
         • follow up study, results due to response bias or memory trace change
           • ps in smashed group = report broken glass = memory changed
       • AO3
         • + lots of research
         • +RW application - law courts not allowed to ask leading qs
         • - low pop validity, loftus = students
         • - demand characteristics,
         • - artificial task, film
     • POST EVENT DISCUSSION
       • gabbot, co-witnesses reached consenus. 71% recalled info they didnt see. stealing bag
       • implication. repeat interviewing = new mem formed every time speak about event
       • AO3
         • + braun - disney land adverts - said they saw bugsbunny
         • implaction - wrongly imprisoned coz of false EWT
         • - artifical tasks
         • - indivual diffs, kids more influenced by discussion
   • ANXIETY
     • positive effect
       • HIGH AROUSAL = MORE DETAILED MEMORY (evolutionary apadtive)
       • Yuile and cutshall - real life shooting canada, high anxiety = better accuracy
       • christianson. bank robbery, victims betetr recall than bystanders
     • negative effect
       • johnson + scott. bloody knife 33%, pen 49% recall
     • AO3
       • - yerkes dodson effect - inverted 'U' relationship (N) - mioderate arousal = highest levels of performance/ accuracy of retrival
         • but over simplified - multiple factors make up arousal
       • - may just be testing surprise rather than anxiety. eg pickel, raw chicken in hair salon
       • ethical issues, traumatic. making victims relive or make ps stressed out
       • real life studies = perseptible to extraneous variables, ie post event discussion cant be controlled

6. COgnitive interview

   • imporving EWT
   • 1) report everything 2) context reinstatement 3) change perspetive 4) reverse order
   • enhanced cog interview, developed by fisher
     • focuses on social dynamics
   • AO3
     • +Fisher = 30% more accurate
     • - time consuming
     • - hard to train
     • - psych harm returining to emotional state
     • - increase in incorrect info

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