Memory 3 (EWT)

Memory 3 (EWT)

1. Misleading Information

   • Leading Questions
     • Loftus & Palmer
     • Hit, contacted, bumped, collided, smashed
       • 'Smashed' higher speed than 'contacted'
     • Biased recall
   • Response-Bias
     • How decide answer
     • Encourage inc speed
   • Substitution
     • Affects memory
     • L & P
       • 'Smashed' broken glass
         • Was no glass
   • Post-Event Discussion
     • Gabbert
       • Same crime, diff angles
         • Discussed
           • Tested individually
       • 71% info couldn't seen
         • 0% control
         • Social approval
           • Others right
   • Evaluation
     • Real-life
       • Police
         • Careful wording
           • Important diff
     • Artificial
       • Videos no stress
         • Emotions affect
     • Individual diffs
       • Older less accurate
         • Can't generalise
     • Demand chars
       • Helpful & attentive
         • Guess
           • Less valid

2. Anxiety

   • Negative Effect
     • Physiological arousal
       • Prevents attention
         • Dec recall
     • J & S
       • Waiting room
         • Argument
           • 'Low'
             • Pen & grease
           • 'High'
             • Break glass & bloody knife
       • 50 photos
         • 49% pen / 33% knife
           • Tunnel theory
             • Focus weapon
               • Source anxiety
   • Positive Effect
     • Fight or flight
       • Inc alertness & memory
         • Inc awareness
     • Canada shooting
       • 4/5M after & originals
         • No. details & rated stress
       • Very accurate
         • High stress = more accurate
   • Evaluation
     • J & S surprise
       • Pickel
         • Hairdressing video
           • Scissors, handgun, wallet, raw chicken
             • EW low in high unusualness
               • Not anxiety
     • Lack control
       • Lots time
         • EV's affect memory
           • E.g. discussion, media, police
     • Create anxiety
       • Psychological harm
         • Real-life good
           • Qu's need

3. Cognitive Interview

   • Report Everything
     • Trigger others
       • Bigger picture
   • Reinstate Context
     • Imagine env & emotions
   • Reverse Order
     • Prevent what expect & dishonesty
   • Change Perspectives
     • Actual not schema
   • Enhanced CI
     • Social dynamics
       • Eye contact, reduce anxiety, speak slowly, open qu's
   • Evaluation
     • Time- consuming
       • Special training
         • Not properly used
           • Why not impressed
     • Some combos more valuable
       • Report & context
         • Still improves
           • Inc credibility
     • Meta-analysis
       • 50 studies
       • ECI more correct info than standard
         • Real practical benefits