Multi-stage model

Multi-stage model

1. Atkinson and Shiffrin

2. information= ENCODED -> ACOUSTICALLY

   • MAINTENANCE REHEARSAL e.g repeating mentally a number= information -->
     • DURATION:18-30sec CAPACITY:5-9 items
       • AFTER 18-30 sec depending on individual differences = DECAY or DISPLACEMENT e.g when you're given a task to do while distracted by TV
       • ELABORATIVE REHEARSAL e.g looking into the meaning

3. SENSOR MEMORY STORE

   • 3 separate UNITARY STORES
     • STIMULATED through the main 5 SENSES
       • information flows in a FIXED LINEAR
         • infomation in the SENSORY MEMORY STORE DURATION:1/2 sec CAPACITY:LARGE
           • UNATTENDED = FORGOTTEN
           • ATTENTION= transferred to the SHORT MEMORY

4. information ENCODED SEMANTICALLY

   • DURATION: LIFE-TIME CAPACITY: LIMITLESS
     • After LONG TERM INTERFERENCE of another similar memory= DECAY
     • NO RETRIEVAL/ NO REHEARSAL= FORGOTTEN

5. STRENGTH

   • Clinical Study 1: KORSOKOFF
     • supported DISTINCTION between STM & LTM
       • FOUND KORSOKOFF SYNDROME development found in CHRONIC ALCOHOLICS= DAMAGED PARTS OF BRAIN
         • = little effect on STM but SEVERELY AFFECTED LTM
           • e.g possible to have convo with people with KORSOKOFF syndrome, transfer of information into LTM= impared= DISTORTS memory of convo (give example)
   • Clinical Study 2: KF
     • supports DISTINCTION of STM & LTM
       • KF= motorcycle accident--> no effect on LTM, but case study -> poor performance on STM tasks
         • =suggests STM & LTM = completely SEPARATE stores in memory.
           • despite it being a case study on one individual (individual difference) = supports A&S research = clear distinction between STM & LTM
   • Experimental Support- GLAZNER ET AL
     • support STM & LTM separate stores
       • research on PRIMACY & RECENCY effects
         • PARTICIPANTS given TASK
           • first words
             • primacy
               • rehearsed in LTM
           • middle words
             • forgotten through displacement
               • shows clear distinction between STM & LTM = SEPARATE STORES
           • last words
             • recency
               • still in STM

6. WEAKNESS

   • MSM= suggest -> LTM AND STM = SINGLE STORES of information
     • EVIDENCE -> each store = SEVERAL COMPONENTS
       • COHEN ET AL - found LTM = DECLARATIVE & PROCEDURAL
         • case study-> CLIVE WEARING= contracted infection= extensive brain damage
           • lost DECLARATIVE memory e.g wedding day
             • PROCEDURAL memory = still efficient e.g could play the piano still
               • = suggests two seperate systems in LTM- DECLARATIVE & PROCEDUAL
   • MSM too much emphasis on REHEARSAL
     • suggests Rehearsal - only method of transferring info to LTM
       • MSM = lacks FACE VALIDITY
         • other ways of transferring infor->
           • e.g funny things = more memorable. what is significant/ distinctive differs to different individuals
             • individual differences in memory influence how infro is transferred to the LTM is not accounted for