12 marker- Presentation of practices

12 marker- Presentation of practices

1. Whole learning

   • Performer attempts whole movement after being shown a demonstration
   • Ideal conditions
     • Skill is simple/discrete/ballistic
     • If the subroutines lack meaning if performed in isolation
     • The performer motivated
     • The performer is experienced/approaching autonomous stage of learning
   • Advantages
     • Performer develops kinaesthetic awareness
     • Performer understands the relationship between subroutines
     • Performer experiences the timing of the skills
     • Performer develops their own schema
   • Disadvantages
     • Difficult to use with complex skills
     • Difficult for novice performers initially
     • Not ideal for dangerous skills

2. Part learning

   • Performer completes subroutines of the overall movement before completing overall skill
   • Ideal conditions
     • Complex skill
     • Skill involves long sequences (gymnastic routines)
     • Low levels of organisation
     • Performer has low motivation
     • Performer is inexperienced
   • Advantages
     • Complex skills broken down and learned in stages
     • Specific aspects of technique can be modified
     • Allows performers to develop confidence
     • Reduces risk in dangerous situations
     • Allows the performer to have recovery periods
     • Maintains motivation as success can be achieved relatively quickly
   • Disadvantages
     • Hinders learning the timing of complete skill
     • Reduces overall kinaesthetic awareness
     • Transfer from part to whole may not be effective
     • Highly organised skills are difficult to break down
     • Time-consuming

3. Progressive part

   • Performer attempts in stages and links the phases together, also called chaining
   • Advantages
     • Complex skills broken down
     • Novice performers can achieve success
     • Performers can remained focused
     • Develops understanding between subroutines
     • Reduces risk in dangerous activites
     • Transfer to the whole skill may be easier
   • Disadvantages
     • Time-consuming
     • Performer may become focused on one particular subroutine
   • Ideal conditions
     • Complex skill
     • Serial skill
     • Dangerous skill
     • Time is not a constraint
     • Performer has limited motivation
     • Performer is inexperienced

4. Whole-part-whole

   • Performer attempts whole skill, then develops subroutines before completing whole skill again (eg long jump)
   • Advantages
     • An overall feel for the movement is developed initially
     • Success is continuous by developing weaker subroutines
   • Disadvantages
     • Transfer from part to whole skill may be difficult
     • Some skills are difficult to break down as the overall timing may be affected
   • Use when the skill is easily broken down