Catholic/Counter Reformation [sources]

Catholic/Counter Reformation [sources]

1. 1560s, impact of the Counter Reformation

   • Political factors and geographical variations, Catholic resurgence, spiritual and political role of the Church (Councils and less church abuses), the Clergy and the Tridentine decrees, French wars of religion, doctrine and discipline, the Inquisition, Roman Catechism, some regional opposition in the long-term

2. The Council of Trent, 1545-55

   • Conciliarist fears, Charles V, doctrine (in response to Protestant beliefs), reform Church abuses, Church authority, Vulgate, the sacraments, Tridentine decrees, key role of bishops and preists, visitations

3. Popes

   • 1513-21 = Leo X. 1522-23 = Adrian VI. 1523-34 = Clement VII. 1534-49 = Paul III. 1550-1555 = Julius III. 1555 = Marcellus II. 1555-59 = Paul IV. 1559-65 = Pius IV
     • Pope Leo X and indulgences, Paul III and the Roman Inquisition, Paul IV and the Index of Forbidden Books, Pius IV and the Council of Trent

4. Ignatius of Loyola and the Jesuits

   • 1540s approved by the Pope, the Spiritual Exercises, education (colleges and schools), missions, Canisius, pilgrimage, intellectual study, pastoral training, strengthen priesthood, conversion

5. Groups

   • Theatines (pastoral work for priests), Capuchins (St Francis and controversy with Ochino who became Protestant), Oratories of Divine Love (charity and care of sick, Rome Oratory), Ursulines (virgins and widows, orphans and sick, habit, communities, nuns), confraternities (social control, local parish church, prepare members for the afterlife, social welfare)

6. Art

   • Baroque time period, beautification and embellishment of religious objects and figures, against iconoclasm, sensory appreciation of Catholicism