SHORT TERM AND LONG TERM MEMORY 1

SHORT TERM AND LONG TERM MEMORY 1

1. WHAT IS MEMORY

   • THE TERM MEMORY CAN REFER TO THE PROCESS IN WHICH WE RETAIN INFORMATION AND KNOWLEDGE
     • THE FIRST PROCESS IS CALLED ENCODING
       • THIS IS WHERE A SENSORY INPUT (E.G. SOUNDS AND/OR IMAGES) ARE TRANSFORMED FOR IT TO BE REGISTERED IN MEMORY
     • THE SECOND PROCESS IS CALLED STORAGE
       • THIS SIMPLY IS HOLDING INFORMATION UNTIL IT IS REQUIRED
     • THE THIRD PROCESS IS CALLED RETRIEVAL
       • THIS IS WHERE WE LOCATE AND USE THE INFORMATION WE HAVE STORED SO WE ARE CONSCIOUSLY AWARE OF IT

2. STM Vs LTM

   • SHORT TERM AND LONG TERM MEMORY DIFFER IN THE AMOUNT OF INFORMATION THAT CAN BE STORED, ENCODED AND THE DURATION THE INFORMATION CAN BE HELD
   • STM
     • SHORT TERM MEMORY IS A TEMPORARY STORE FOR INFORMATION THAT YOU ARE CURRENTLY THINKING OF
   • LTM
     • LONG TERM MEMORY IS A PERMANENT STORE WHICH RECORDS INFORMATION WHICH HAPPENS OVER A LIFE-TIME

3. ENCODING - HOW THE INFORMATION IS STORED

   • BADDELY - GAVE DIFFERENT LISTS TO 4 GROUPS OF PPTS.
     • 1: ACCOUSTICALLY SIMILAR E.G. CAT, CAB, CAN
     • 2: ACCOUSTICALLY DISSIMILAR E.G. PIT, FEW, COW
     • 3: SEMANTICALLY SIMILAR E.G. GREAT, LARGE, BIG
     • 4: SEMANTICALLY DISSIMILAR E.G. GOOD, HUGE, HOT
     • WHEN ASKED TO RECALL THE WORDS IN THE CORRECT ORDER IMMEDIATELY, (STM), PPTS DID WORSE WITH ACCOUSITCALLY SIMILAR WORDS
     • WHEN ASKED TO RECALL AFTER 20 MINS (LTM), PPTS DID WORSE WITH SEMANTICALLY SIMILAR WORDS

4. CAPACITY - HOW MUCH INFORMATION CAN BE STORED

   • DIGIT SPAN - HOW MUCH INFORMATION CAN BE HELD BY THE STM AT ONE TIME
     • JACOBS READ OUT LISTS OF NUMBERS AND PPTS RECALLED, HE ADDED A NUMBER EACH TIME UNTIL PPTS COULD NOT RECALL CORRECTLY
       • MEAN = 7.3 ITEMS
   • CHUNKING - GROUPING INFORMATION TOGETHER
     • MILLER - MADE OBSERVATIONS OF HOW WE CHUNK INFORMATION EVERY DAY E.G. DAYS OF THE WEEK TEND TO COME IN 7S
     • ALSO FOUND THAT WE CAN RECALL 5 WORDS AS EASILY AS 5 LETTERS, IMPLYING WE CAN CHUNK THE INFORMATION TOGETHER FOR MEMORY
     • THE CAPACITY OF LTM IS THOUGHT TO BE UNLIMITED

5. DURATION - HOW LONG INFORMATION CAN BE HELD

   • STM - PETERSON AND PETERSON
     • GAVE 24 UNDERGRADS A CONSONANT SYLLABLE (TRIGRAMS E.G. YCG) AND A NUMBER. THEY HAD TO COUNT BACKWARDS IN 3s FROM THAT NUMBER FOR EITHER 3,6,9,12,15 OR 18 SECONDS
       • 80% RECALL AT 3 SECONDS
       • 10% RECALL AT 18 SECONDS
   • LTM - BAHRICK
     • HIGH SCHOOL YEAR BOOKERS WERE OBTAINED FOR 392 PPTS FROM OHIO
     • TESTED ON PHOTO RECOGNITION AND FREE RECALL
       • RECOGNITION
         • WITHIN 15 YEEARS OF GRADUATION 90% ACCURATE. 70% AFTER 48 YEARS
       • FREE RECALL
         • WITHIN 15 YEARS OF GRADUATION 60% ACCURATE. 30% AFTER 48 YEARS

6. MODELS OF MEMORY

   • INFORMATION IS SEEN TO FLOW THROUGH A SYSTEM
   • THE MODEL IS COMPRISED OF A SERIES OF STAGES WITH CAPACITY AND DURATION LIMITATIONS AT EACH POINT. INFORMATION MAY REQUIRE RE-ENCODING AT EACH STAGE.
   • ATTENTION IS THE MEANS BY WHICH INFORMATION IS PASSED FROM SNSORY MEMORY TO SHORT TERM MEMORY
   • REHEARSAL HAS A VITAL ROLE. IT ALLOWS INFORMATION TO BE RECYCLED IN STM AS WELL AS BEING PASSED ON TO LTM

7. CLIVE WEARING

   • LIFE WITHOUT A MEMORY
   • A MUSICIAN
   • HAS NO MEMORY
   • STARTED WITH A HEADACHE, DEVELOPED FEVER, FORGOT DAUGHTER'S NAME, DELIRIOUS
   • TEMPERAL LOBES - DESTROYED - PRIMARILY RESPONSIBLE
   • FRONTAL LOBES - DAMAGED
   • MOMENT TO MOMENT CONCIOUSNESS
   • REPEATED AWAKENING

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