unit 2

unit 2

1. Scientific Approach to behaviour

   • 1. Measurment and description, finding techniques to measure that make it possible to describe behaviour
     • understanding and predicating: ability to understand and explain events with reasons for occurrence
       • Hypothesis is a tentative, testable answer to a scientific question relating and the relationship between variables
         • Variables: are any measurable conditions, events, characteristics or behaviours that are controlled in a experiment or study.
       • Application and control: Applying the findings from experiments to assist in everyday life

2. Scientific Techniques

   • Direct Observation: watching and recording social behaviours. Pros - Minimizes artificaliity. Cons - Difficult to remain unobtrusive
   • Experiment: Manipulation of the idependent variable to see what changes occur in the dependent vaiable. Pros - precise control of variables. Cons - often artifical experiments and ethical dilemas
   • Case studies: research that is used to look at individuals, groups of participants, collecting data about participants using participant and direct observations, interviews, Protocols, tests, examinations of records Pros - well suited to study certain phenomenas and can provide data to support theories. Cons - subjectivity and clinical samples often underrepresented.
   • Surveys: questionaires and interviews to collect data. Pros- ability to gather data on hard to observe behaiour and easy to collect data. Cons - unrelaible due to initention, bias, social desirabilty, etc.

3. Experiements

   • Indpendent vaiable: It is a variable that stands alone and isn't changed by the other variables you are trying to measure.
   • Dependent variable: depends on other factors, amount of change
   • Experimental groups: exposed to independent variable and are expected to create change
   • Control Group: that does not receive treatment and is used as a benchmark to measure how the other tested subjects do.
   • Extraneous Variable: variables other than the independent variable which may have an effect on the dependent variable.

4. Correlation: when 2 variables are related to each other

   • Positive Correlation: when two variables co-vary in the same direction Negetive correlation: when 2 vairables co-vary in opposite directions
   • Strength of correlation the closer to -100 or 100 the stronger, closer to 0 decrease.
     • Just because there is a correlation does not mean the varibles are dependent of one another. Causation, one event is the result of the occurrence of the other event;

5. Statisitcs - Mean: Average of scores in a distribution. Median: The Score that falls ecaxtly in the middle. Mode: is the most requesnt score

6. Ethics

   • i. Respect for the dignity of the persons
     • ll. Responsible caring
       • lll. Intergraty in relationships
         • lV. Responisbility to society

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