Memory

Memory

1. Forgetting

2. MSM

   • Proposed by Atkinson and Schiffrin (1968)
     • • Elaborative rehearsal is transfer for STM to LTM
       • Maintenance rehearsal keeps data in the STM
     • Evidence and Examples for the Multi-Store Model
       • Clive Wearing
         • Hippocampus damaged
           • Could not access LTM, but could form and use STM
             • Supports the idea that LTM and STM are separate stores and processes
           • Hippocampus is associated with LTM
             • Pre-Frontal Cortex is STM
       • STM
         • Capacity
           • Jacobs (1887) - Digit span test
         • Duration
           • Peterson & Peterson (1959) - Trigrams
         • Encoding
           • Baddley (1966) - Word lists
       • LTM
         • Capacity
           • Anahkin (1973)
             • Estimated billions of connections in brain
         • Duration
           • Bahrick et al (1975) - Old School Friends
             • Participants were asked to identify old school friends, 15 years ago = 90% identification, 48 years ago = 80% identification
         • Encoding
           • Baddely (1966) - Word lists

3. EWT

4. WMM

   • Proposed by Baddely & Hitch (1974)
     • Believed the STM was not just one store but many
     • • The viseo-spatial sketch pad can be further subdivided
         • Logie (1995) subdivided it into inner scribe and viseo-cache
       • Baddely (1986) divided the phonological loop
         • Articulatory Loop
           • Rehearsal and planning for verbal tasks
         • Phonological Store
           • Store for recently heard sounds
       • The Central Executive & Episodic Buffer
         • Episodic Buffer
           • Integrates data from all other areas and systems, including LTM
             • "The work space of the WMM"
         • Central Executive
           • The central executive directs data to the appropriate slave systems
       • Evidence for the WMM
         • Shallice & Warrington (1970)
           • KF suffered damage to his brain in a motorcycle accident
             • Could not remember words presented verbally but could remember ones presented visually
               • Shows there is more than 1 store in STM
         • Baddely & Hitch (1974)
           • Gave participants a dual task
             • Reading and reasoning task
               • Participants could do both at the same time very well, supporting the idea of separate components in STM

5. LTM and STM

   • People who are interested in a topic remember facts about it better than those with no interest
     • Morris et al (1981)
       • Football fans could record football scores better than those with no interest
   • STM
     • Can store data for around 30 seconds
       • Peterson & Peterson (1959)
         • 24 participants to remember nonsense trigrams and count backwards in 3's to prevent any rehearsal
           • After a set time, participants had to recall the trigrams
             • 3 second delay = 80% recall
             • 18 seconds = 10% recall
     • Takes data from the sensory registers that is paid attention to
       • Otherwise the information is lost by decay
       • The sensory registers are where stimuli from the sense organs is turned into data
     • Jacobs (1887)
       • Digit Span Test
         • Participants given an increasing number of numbers to remember
           • The average was 7 +/- 2 items
             • Letters = 7 items
             • Numbers = 7 items
   • Baddely (1966)
     • Participants given word lists to learn
       • Semantically similar and dissimilar and acoustically similar and dissimilar
         • When testing STM participants told to recall immediately, and for LTM participants told to recall after a delay
           • STM had worse recall acoustically similar were remembered the least well and LTM those that meant similar things were remembered the least well
             • Shows STM is acoustically encoded and LTM is semantically encoded

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