Learning Approach

Learning Approach

1. SMOKING

   • Initiation
     • SLT - modelling, vic/ reinforcement.
     • Parents, valued role models.
     • More likely same: sex, age, ethinic b/g. Influential: high status.
     • Obs/ - parental smoking - inc/ chances smoking factor 2. Anti smoking - x7 less likely (Gilman et al, 2009)
     • Survey - National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) (2005) - 90% US smokers started adolescents - obs/+imit/ peers.
   • Maintenance: OPERANT CONDITIONING
     • Pos/ rein/: peer approval. Access social network, reduce teasing = happier. Avoid loss peer group support. Direct rein/=weight loss/stress.
     • Neg/ rein/: avoid with/d/ symp/s.
     • Snow + Bruce (2002) - Self-reports - 241 teen girls - enhance social reputation + maintain group membership.
   • Relapse: CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
     • Cue Reactivity Paradigm: link materials ass/ smoking. (Lighter, packet = craving).
     • Common: surrounded by pressures, difficult to avoid.
     • Neg/ rein/: with/d/ symp/s, weight gain, loss social support.
     • Multiple cues: anticipate drug exp/. = craving = relapse (Marlat+George,1984)
     • Shiffman (1996) - former smokers record when/where relapsed. Readily available + w/ other smokers.
   • Indiv/ diff/s - learning exp/s (particular environment) ass/ - substance+pos/ feelings can explain..
   • Diathesis Stress: bio/ vulnerability, interacts - social inf/s.

2. GAMBLING

   • Initiation
     • SLT - ...
     • Parents...
     • More likely:...
     • G - rewarding effects - arousal+excitement + social rewards e.g.
     • Gupta et al (1997) - obs/ - modelling G beh/ parents/family sig/ inf/ children. Survey - 477 children (9-14yrs), 86% G/d regularly w/ fam/
   • Maintenance: OPERANT CONDITIONING
     • Pos/ rein/: reward money + biol/ - dop/+adrenaline induced buzz.
     • Neg rein/ - with/d. Do not win but continue: VARIABLE SCHEDULE REINFORCEMENT. Intermittent rein/ = more rapid + longer lasting acquisition of beh/ = difficult to extinguish.
     • Griffiths (2009) - rein/d in many ways - slot-physiological, psychological, social rewards +financial
     • Griffith + Parke (2003) - environments, several techniques ass/ learning theory, more rewarding e.g... Fruit machines - pos/ rein/ - high event frequency - many opportunities short interval pay-out - rewards quick. Ins/ add/ qualities.
   • Relapse: CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
     • CRP...e.g...Anticipation + excitement. + Neg/ rein/ (with/d)
     • Practical app/ - cues in triggering, prevent relapse. Cure-exposure treatment. Coping skills, desensitizing, e.g. emotional, high-risk states (Marlatt,1990)
   • Indiv/ diff/s...
   • Simplistic view human beh/ - more than stimulus response patterns of beh/
   • Diathesis Stress...

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