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Genetics

Genetics as an explanation of criminal behaviour is problematic because there is no “criminal gene” identified.

Twin, family, and adoption studies do indicate there may be genetic foundations to criminal behaviour.

Twin studies

MZ – monozygotic (genetically identical)

DZ – dizygotic (share 50% genetic material)

Christiansen

Showed there is a 35% concordance rate for MZ twins in offending behaviour compared to 13% for DZ. 3,500+ sample size for twins

Raine

52% concordance(MZ) with 21% for DZ. Meta analysis of 13 studies