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Henry VIII

-Took the throne in 1509

Appearance and Physique:

-17 years old - considerable physical attraction

-55 year old man that died repulsed the majority of people that saw him

-'Bull of a man' tall, large-framed, well proportioned and very muscular

-Carried himself well and paid close detail to his fashion

Interests:

-Sportsman - enjoyed hunting on horseback and usually won

-considered brave and chilverace

Intellectual abilities:

-Assumed he was extremely clever

-The king prided himself on the quality of his mind.

-He understood and revelled in complicated situation and expectationally clever

-Often out thought members of his aristocracy.

Beliefs:

-Strong beliefs and retained them throughout his adulthood

-Thought of God as 'superman'

-God made society for a reason

-Position as King empower them to make special deals with God - Divine Right of Kings

Henry VIII Problems:

Marriage:

-Henry married the Spanish Princess - Catherine of Argon

-They wanted to maintain their Spanish links making their dynasty stronger, they also appeared more accepted in European royal circles

-The law of the Church didn't allow a man to marry his brothers wife, meaning he had to obtain permission from the Pope - in 1504 Henry VII received permission from Pope Julius II.

-Catherine was 7 years older then Henry suggested that she could offer maturity to the reign

Empson and Dudley:

-The new King listened to many complaints unleashed against his fathers rule.

-Empson and Dudley were arrested in the Tower of London and abolition of the council - This happened in Henry's 1st Parliament

-Calculated attempt to enhance the Kings popularity, Empson and Dudley convicted of treason 'show trails'

Henry VIII - A Renaissance Prince:

-The young Prince developed into a confident and self-assured young man in contrast to Arthur

-the poet John Skelton was entrusted as Henry's tutor

-Henry mastered Latin and French and developed knowledge of Spanish and Italian

-Formal education also included maths, astrology and theology

-Skilled sportsman and musician and took interest in the Arts

-Heavily influenced by popular literature of the day

Henry's attitude to Government:

-Henry VII's council were dictating Henry VIII's early reign.

-Execution of Empson and Dudley gained popular support of people. SHow trails meant people felt upbeat about his new reign.

-Henry interested in going to war, council advised him not to

-Let to Henry VIII sidelining a lot of the councillors, Henry brought in younger men that was more on his wavelength - The minions

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Henry's Acts in Parliament:

Initial Request to Pope Clement VII for Annulment -1527:

-Only the Pope could annul the marriage as Pope Julius II granted the marriage.

-Western Europe didn't agree with the divorce

-Henry belived that he should be able to get the annulment just because he was the King - Divine Right

-Henry used knowledge of the bible for the marriage annulment - brother would remain childless

-Henry argued that the marriage was against the bible and believed he was living in sin.

-Impacts on Henry:

Thought he was living in Sin and tried to annul the marriage

The Pope refused the request

Cardinal Campeggio 1528:

-Arrived in London to deal with Henry's divorce

-Representing and acting on behalf of the Pope

-Campeggio and Catherine met, he wanted her to become a nun which would make the divorce easier - she refused

-As Campeggio was in Henry's employment he thought that the divorce could get done quicker

-Henry ordered Campeggio and threatened to take money from him

-Campeggio stalled the divorce untill the matter got sent back to Rome

-Impacts on Henry:

He expected the court to rule on his side but the case got taken back to Rome and sorted out in 4 years

Praemunire 1530 to 1531:

-Logged charge of Parliament of Clergy

-A lesser form of treason and the whole clergy were accused of commiting a crime

-January 1531 - Clergy payed £100,000 to pardon their crime

-Begging of the tax against the Clergy

-Impacts on Henry:

Gave Henry a lot of money

Supplication of the Commons, Against the Ordained 1532:

-Petition passed by HOC due to complaints against the Church of England bishops and clergymen

-Churches had to surrender their power/independence to Henry

-Grievances complaint against something wrong/ unfair

-Ordinary - offices of Church power to execute the laws

-Supplication - Ask/begging for something

-Impact on Henry:

Meant that Henry was the supreme legislature - didn't have to ask the Pope - independent

CROMWELL NOW IN CHARGE

The Submission of the Clergy 1533 - confirmed 1534:

-Ordained people through religious duty

-Church of England gave up their independent power

-Henry VIII in charge.

-Impact on Henry:

Had all the imput on Church law

Henry incharge

Acts of Annates 1534:

-Gave Church taxes to the King instead

-During 1534 more work was done to get the King to agree

-Parliament knew if Henry didn't get a divorce in a year than payments would be stopped.

-Impact on Henry:

Henry would get more money

Marriage of Anne Boleyn to Henry VIII 1533:

-Anne concieved Henrys child in the Decemeber

-Anne and Henry secretly married in the January

-Elizabeth was born - Henry was not happy that she was a girl

-Annes next children were stillborn/miscarried

-Annes failure to rpduce a male heir posed a risk to her place as Queen

-Henrys attention turned towards Jane Seymor

-Anne arrested for breaking the law - adultyr, miscarried

-Anne was the first Queen to be publically executed

-Imapct on Henry:

As marriage to Anne illegitimised, Mary's right to the throne had also gone

People may have not agreed with the divorce

Still had no male heir

Act of Restraint of Appeals 1533:

-Start of political process transferring power from Catholic Church to Henry

-Proposed by Cromwell that it would be better to go through Parliament as it would make it seem people were being listened too.

-Impact on Henry:

Served Henry's wish of void of COA marriage and helped him the marriage to Anne Boleyn

Act of Supremacy 1534:

-After the break from Rome an issue arose of who should be head of the Church of England

-Henry decided that it should be him

-Henry appointed Cromwell as vicegerent - person exercising delegated power on behalf of rules.

-The Law changed due to Act of Supremacy

-Ended the benefit of Clergy - tried in Clergy court more

-Ended Act of Sanctuary - religious people - power taken away

-Impact on Henry:

Henry had more power

Act of Succession 1534, 1536, 1543:

-Declared Henrys marriage to Catherine void and Annes wedding legitimate - making Mary illegitimate and gave Henry a chance of ahving a son

-Anne Boleyn executed - Mary and Elizabeth both iligitemet he believed he would have a son in spite of Anne

-If Edward died with no heirs Henrys daughter would take the throne - Tudor Dynasty secured.

-Impact on Henry:

Secured the Tudor Dynasty

Treason Act: 1534

-Made it a reasonable offence, death to deny Henry's position as head of the Church.

-John Fisher & Thomas Moore executed due to this

-Both beheaded after refusing to accept Henry as head of the Church

-Essentially Henry was still a Catholic but ruled under the Church

Acts of Fruits and Tenths 1534:

-Part of the revenue formed by the Clergy to the Papal Exchaqur

-Henry got the money that was previously paid to the Pope

-After 1534 turned 1/10 money:

The Act concerning Peters Pence:

-Peters Pence annual tax paid to Rome to every households with land of certain value

-Act outlawed payment and other payments in Rome

-Archbishop of Canturbury (Cramnar) had the power to issue the dispensation given by the Pope

-Impact on Henry:

After the Act was passed jobs to see dispentation instead of Pope

Could visit monostries

Clergy could only stay in England

Valor Eccleiasticus:

-Survey of the finances of the Church in England, Wales and English controlled parts of Ireland

-Taxes previously paid to the Pope were now given to Henry and by late 1534 . Hnery decided to increase the tax by 10%

-Jan 1535 Government appointed comissions throughout country to conduct surveys

-Figures of the Valor were a vital part of the process for the supression of religious houses act 1535 - first move in dissolution of the monastries

-Impact on Henry:

Gave England a 'price' and therefore helped towards the dissolution of the monastries

Statute of Uses:

-Law passed prevented landed property being turned intrests

-rectify Henry's funds after struggling for many beforehand

-Invalidated all uses that - legal landowner of building was now of land needed a license to buy land, gain support for nobility.

-king had the power over all money-orphans could claim when they came of age but when they got it back they got a 1/3

Dissolution of the smaller monastries:

-Cromwell saw how wealthy the church was

-Monastries valued at £100,000, £25,000 for other needs

-Sent to survey the churches

-Evidence was used to get rid of the smaller monastries in 1536, to dissolve the smaller monastries

-Led to the Pilgramage of Grace

The Ten Articles (Protastanism) 1536:

-Therotically created by connection - motivated by Cromwell

-1st set of guidelines for the Church of England

-saints honoured as example of life, based on 3 sacrements

Bishops Book 1537:

-Written by the committee and Cramar

-The book was reformist in nature

-portrayed the desires of the new Church and functions of an official description of reformed faith

6 Articles:

-transtubstation, seliciby, vowels o chasticy, permissoion, cup

-Importnace of confession

-more catholic rather than Protestant

Dissolution of Larger Monastries:

-Henry inherited a lot from his father but as he lost it he looked at the monastries for the money

-Closed relgious houses

-open houses were the poorest and it wasn't uncommon for people to close down monastries

-Day to day running (vicegerent)

Kings book 1543:

-Final significant statement in Henrys rule

-Revision of districts book and step to reform

-Conservative Catholic

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Amicable Grant -1525:

-Collection was meant to be collected in June for the French invasion but it made little progress in Warwickshire, East Anglia

-Wolsey tried to fix the problem by allowing communities to pay what they can, people saw the Gov backed down and they thought they could get more out of them

-ringleaders of the resistance were pardoned and Wolsey led a ceremony of reconcilliation, begging the King to pardon them