EPPP Study Notes II - created from Mind Map

Seite 1

Conduct disorder is signified by an ongoing pattern of behavior that violates basic rights of others or age-appropriate societal norms. There are four main categories of behavior used to identify conduct disorder. Which of the following is NOT one of those categories?

Christina lacks empathy for others and believes that she is the only person who matters in a relationship. Christina is most likely to have_____.

Excessive talking in children can be a symptom of ADHD. Conduct disorder behavior is divided into four categories: aggression toward people or animals, destruction of property, lying and theft, and serious rule violations. Conduct disorder and ADHD are sometimes comorbid.

Tic disorders include Tourette’s disorder and transient tic disorder, and are marked by recurrent, rapid motor movements or vocalizations. Which of the following behaviors is NOT considered a tic?

Chorea is not a rapid, recurrent movement or vocalization; it is an involuntary movement disorder not classified as a tic disorder. Coprolalia, jumping, sniffing, blinking, echolalia, and grunting are examples of tics.

CHjorea

Choreia is not a rapid, recurrent movement or vocalization; it is an involuntary movement disorder not classified as a tic disorder. Coprolalia, jumping, sniffing, blinking, echolalia, and grunting are examples of tics.

a neurological disorder characterized by jerky involuntary movements affecting especially the shoulders, hips, and face.

Substance dependence is marked by maladaptive behaviors that interfere with social or professional activities, as well as by devoting significant amounts of time in procuring or recovering from particular substances, among other things. Which theory was proposed by Conger to explain alcohol dependence?

Conger’s tension reduction hypothesis posits that people drink in response to feeling tension, which enables them to avoid or reduce stress. In this theory, alcohol dependence operates using negative reinforcement.

Melinda’s doctor thinks that she has at least 2 distinct personalities. Melinda’s personality disorder is also known as __________________.

Melinda’s doctor thinks that she has at least 2 distinct personalities. Melinda’s personality disorder is also known as dissociative identity disorder. Dissociative identity disorder is known in popular terms as multiple personality disorder. This disorder was made common knowledge by the 1950s film, All About Eve. Current research shows that dissociative identity disorder is linked to extreme child abuse. The abused person develops a number of personalities to help deal with the pain and suffering of the abuse.

Brittany hates winter. She finds that the short, dark days make her moody and unhappy. Brittany’s doctor suspects that she suffers from ______________.

Brittany hates winter. She finds that the short, dark days make her moody and unhappy. Brittany’s doctor suspects that she suffers from seasonal affective disorder. Seasonal Affective Disorder, or SAD, is a mood disorder that is triggered or worsened in some seasons and not others. Typically, some people find themselves sad and depressed in the winter months. Doctors suspect that the short days, coupled with reduced sun exposure and socialization, leads people to become sad. For some of these people, spring and summer bring a relief from the typical symptoms that include insomnia and overwhelming sadness.

David’s therapist is recommending that he join a support group for people who are agoraphobic. David’s phobia is related to____________.

David’s therapist is recommending that he join a support group for people who are agoraphobic. David’s phobia is related to open spaces. Agoraphobia is an example of an anxiety disorder whereby a person is afraid of finding himself or herself in open or unfamiliar places from which escape can be difficult. Someone like David would be afraid of suffering a panic attack in those places and would most likely prefer to stay at home much of his time. Support groups and cognitive therapies are often used to help sufferers overcome these irrational fears.

Teenagers with borderline personality disorder are much more likely to_____________.

Teenagers with borderline personality disorder are much more likely to have difficult and unstable relationships with most people in their lives. Borderline personality disorder is classified as a Cluster B personality disorders in the DSM-5. This disorder is usually identified early during adolescence or even earlier. Sufferers tend to have fragmented and volatile relationships with their friends, family, and teachers. They show fears of abandonment and will exhibit angry outbursts and an unstable mood.

_________ and ____________ hallucinations are prevalent in psychotic disorders.

Visual and auditory hallucinations are prevalent in psychotic disorder. Psychotic disorders are known to cause hallucinations, delusions, anxiety, and social impairment. Visual and auditory hallucinations mean that the person is seeing and hearing stimuli that do not actually exist in real life. Psychotic individuals will report hearing voices telling them to behave in a certain manner or they will claim to see ghosts. Hallucinations can be extremely disturbing to the psychotic person and the people who must take care of them.

Mrs. Willem visits the doctor’s office 2 or 3 times a week complaining of odd physical pain. The doctor can’t find anything wrong with Mrs. Willem physically and suspects that she suffers from __________

Mrs. Willem visits the doctor’s office 2 or 3 times a week complaining of odd physical pain. The doctor can’t find anything wrong with Mrs. Willem physically and suspects that she suffers from hypochondriasis. Hypochondriasis is a somatoform disorder whereby the person becomes preoccupied with thoughts of being seriously ill. Even if doctors show them imaging and other test results that they are physically fine, those with hypochondriasis will still believe that they are gravely ill. This constant state of fear makes a person with hypochondriasis constantly seek out reassurance from professionals, family, and friends. Hypochondriacs can be two kinds: the first kind goes to the doctor frequently trying to find answers for imagined illness and the second kind “suffers silently: and avoids doctors altogether.

Christina lacks empathy for others and believes that she is the only person who matters in a relationship. Christina is most likely to have narcissistic personality disorder. Narcissistic personality disorder is classified as a Cluster B personality disorder in the DSM-5. This disorder is marked by grandiose feelings and lack of empathy. Narcissists are often accused of having the “God Complex,” as they believe themselves to be infallible.

To make a diagnosis of a Major Depressive Episode based on DSM-5 criteria, a client would need to have five or more specific symptoms, with at least one of two necessary symptoms. Which symptom below is one of those necessary symptoms?

Susan alternates between eating large amounts of food and then throwing up. She is suffering from an eating disorder called _____________.

Susan alternates between eating large amounts of food and then throwing up. She is suffering from an eating disorder call bulimia. Bulimia is an eating disorder that interferes with normal eating behaviors and motivation. Young women in their teens are much more likely to suffer from bulimia and twice as many women as men. Concerns about body image and wanting to be thin is a trigger for many with the disorder. Others may not have body image issues, but could be under lots of stress which they try to control by binging and purging food.

Lack of empathy is the main diagnostic criterion for psychopathy. Psychopathy is a personality disorder for which lack of empathy is the main diagnostic criterion. A psychopath will cause his or her victims unimaginable pain and suffering without feeling empathy or remorse. Killers who torture their victims before they murder them are usually psychopaths. However, not all psychopaths are murderers. Some engage in cruel and abusive behavior towards their victims (who are usually family members) for long periods of time. Psychopathy responds very poorly to psychological and medical intervention and often the person is thrown in prison to protect society.

There are a number of legal processes, acts, and landmark cases that affect industrial/organizational psychology. One of those affected the issue of workplace testing designed to assess general abilities for hiring and promotion decisions. Which of the following resulted in new requirements for testing design?

The landmark case Griggs vs. Duke Power Company resulted in a court ruling that tests measuring broad abilities, in which minority individuals passed at lower rates than non-minorities were unfair. A new requirement to use tests measuring applicable skills for a particular job was established.

There are a number of problems in assessment and hiring that result in discrimination. Which of those problems refers to the following situation? A member of a minority group scores lower on the MCAT than a member of a non-minority group. However, they perform equally well on the criterion.

Unfairness occurs when minority groups score lower than non-minority groups on predictor tests (like the MCAT), but perform similarly on criterion (medical school or a workplace).

Development of human resources includes ways to effectively select, test, train, and evaluate employees. Which of the following procedures of human resources refers to the collection and assay of data that provides information about job tasks?

Job analysis is the procedure of describing the nature of component tasks performed for a particular job. It includes all relevant information, such as tools used, operations performed, training needed and unique aspects of the job. Job analysis is important for its role in compliance with fair employment guidelines.

Development of human resources includes ways to effectively select, test, train, and evaluate employees. Which of the following procedures of human resources refers to the formal process of determining the financial worth of a specific job to an organization?

Job evaluation is a formal process of determining the financial worth of a job to an organization; in other words, whether a position should be filled or removed from the organizational structure. The other terms all refer to job tasks and requirements.

Candidate selection in the hiring process is based on a number of factors, which are given different weight based on employer and job type. There are different techniques used to evaluate multiple criteria. Which of the following techniques allows for low performance on one predictor to be compensated by high performance on others?

The multiple regression approach is the only compensatory technique used in selection procedures. Low scores on one test (e.g., SAT) can be compensated for by high scores on another (e.g., high GPA). This approach involves a multiple regression equation. Other techniques only consider candidates who meet or exceed the cutoff of each predictor, regardless of performance on other predictors.

Human resources departments have methods of evaluation that may include ratings by supervisors, peers, or self-ratings. Some of these methods are comparative - employee performances are compared with each other - while some are absolute - employee performance ratings are considered individually, not in relation to other employee performance ratings. Which of the following methods is a comparative method?

Forced distribution is a process of ranking people to fit a certain pre-determined distribution, much like a bell curve. Most employees will be ranked in the middle, while a few will be ranked at the top or bottom.

Behavioral observation scale (BOS) is the only individual/absolute rating technique in this list. BOS involves rating individual behaviors; this process would include rating how often an employee does or does not finish projects on time, for example.

The forced choice technique requires the rater to choose between two equally desirable or undesirable choices, such as ‘employee is reliable’ or ‘employee is agreeable.’ This method controls for the halo effect and other biases.

Cultural differences impact views and diagnoses of mental health. Which of the following disorders is similar in symptomatology and prevalence rate across cultures?

Schizophrenia is similar in symptomatology and prevalence rate across cultures. Depression, Borderline personality disorder, and other disorders and are more culturally specific in both prevalence and associated symptoms.

A markedly diminished interest or pleasure in most all activities nearly every day for two weeks is a necessary symptom for a diagnosis of a Major Depressive Episode. Such a diagnosis can be made when this symptom is also accompanied by other symptoms of depression for a total of five or more symptoms.

What is the differential diagnosis for Reactive Attachment Disorder according to the DSM-5?

Pervasive Developmental Disorder is one of several differential diagnoses for Reactive Attachment Disorder in children. Other possible diagnoses include Mental Retardation, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, and Disruptive Behavior Disorders. Schizophrenia, Depression, and Anxiety are not part of a differential diagnosis for RAD.

A person who scores highly in the Realistic area of Holland’s vocational types is someone who_____.

A person who scores highly in the Realistic area of Holland’s vocational types is someone who likes to work with their hands, machines, and tools. They like to be actively working, not sitting at a desk, and are often seen in jobs that involve working outdoors such as construction, farming, and letter carrier.

What are two of the criticisms of projective tests?

Two of the criticisms of projective tests are that interpreting the results of the tests depends too much on the subjective judgment of the examiner, and that the reliability and validity of projective tests is the lowest of all the personality tests.

A test using cards that portray human figures in a variety of settings and situations is called___________.

A test using cards that portray human figures in a variety of settings and situations in called the Thematic Apperception Test. The Thematic Apperception Test is a projective test created by Henry Murray in 1938. It is mainly used by psychoanalytically trained therapists. The underlying theory is that the test’s respondents identify with the main character and project their psychological needs and conflicts into the story they tell using the cards.

What is the Rorschach test?

The Rorschach Inkblot test is a projective test created by a Swiss psychiatrist (Hermann Rorschach) in the 1900’s that involves showing subjects cards of abstract inkblots and having them interpret concrete images from them. The idea behind the test is that the differences in perception relate to differences in personalities.

What is the difference between the MMPI-1 and MMPI-2?

The difference between the MMPI-1 and the MMPI-2 is that the MMPI-2 is a revision of the MMPI-1. The MMPI-1 was developed during the 1930’s and contains many cultural and racial biases. A revision was completed in 1989 to correct these biases, including gender references and outmoded idiomatic expressions. The result is the MMPI-2.

Why are most of the questions on the MMPI test about abnormal behavior?

Most of the questions on the MMPI test are about abnormal behavior because it is designed for clinical and counseling psychologists to diagnose psychological disorders. It is grouped into ten clinical scales, each measuring a different disorder.

The DSM-5 includes a section for significant psychosocial and environmental problems. Which of the following would you report in this section?

All of the choices listed in this question should be included as important contextual factors. Job loss, educational problems, and housing problems are all environmental concerns that a clinician would report in this section. Additional problems that could be listed might be problems with the primary support group, legal issues, and economic concerns.

One of the reasons bipolar disorder can be difficult to diagnose in a child under ten is that ________.

In children, symptoms of bipolar disorder can be very similar to Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). For a child to be appropriately diagnosed, the clinician needs to listen carefully to the parental history of the child’s actions and behaviors in addition to utilizing assessments designed for children, not adults.

A critical component of the diagnostic interview includes which of the following? A. Family and social history

All of the choices listed in this questions is a critical components of the diagnostic interview. Diagnostic interviews vary in length and content, but all include a family and social history, a medical background, and a list of previous diagnoses, if any. From there, depending on the type of clinician, other elements will be added, including current symptoms, lifestyle questions, drug use, etc.

The empirical approach to test development uses the construction of comparison groups. Empirical evidence is gathered through __________ and __________ .

Empirical evidence, gathered through direct observation, and experiment, does not rely on beliefs or arguments.

A test user should be aware of the possible limitations of any particular test, including those associated with __________ . Choose all that apply.

Tests have limitations, and they vary depending on which test is being used. Some limitations to look out for are regarding reliability, validity, confidence intervals, and error of measurement. The test administrator should also be sure to read the test manual, and understand all relevant information.