Karteikarten
memory
Karten in diesem Stapel (35)
- 1What is input?Information entering the memory
- 2What is encoding?Information being transferred into another format
- 3What is decay?When information isn't being used so it fades over time
- 4What is displacement?When old information is shunted out to make space for new info
- 5What are accessibility problemsWhen information is still in the long term memory but you can't recall it.. Cues can be used, known as 'tip of the tongue'
- 6What are availability problems?When the information you want is no longer in the LTM- it is gone for good
- 7What is decay?When information fades over time because it isn't being used
- 8What is displacement?When old information is shunted out to make room for new information
- 9What is storage?When information is stored and ready to be accessed
- 10what is retrieval?The process of accessing the information you want to use and taking it out of storage?
- 11What is output?When information is taken out of storage and used
- 12What is retrograde amnesia?When you can't remember anything from your past
area of brain associated- frontal lobe - 13What is anterograde amnesia?When you can't make any new information
area associated- hippocampus - 14Which area of the brain is associated with amnesia?Hippocampus
- 15What is retrieval failure?When you can't retrieve/remember the information you want to use - you might need cues
- 16What is procedural memory?The part of the LTM that is responsible for motor skills
- 17What are cues?information that triggers a memory
- 18Describe the multi-store model theory?the multi-store model suggests that memory is affected by time and space
It also states that we have three distinct stores- the sensory store, the short term memory (STM) and the long term memory (LTM).
The sensory store takes in all information from our immediate surroundings, it had a capacity of unlimited and a duration of a few seconds
If attention is paid to the information, it is transferred to the STM through acoustic encoding. The short term memory has a capacity of 5-9 chunks and a duration of 10-20 seconds. If the capacity limit is exceeded, displacement will take place. This is when old information is shunted out to make room for new information. If information isn't used, then decay will take place (where memories fade over time due to lack of use).
If 30 seconds of maintenance rehearsal takes place, information will be transferred to the long term memory through semantic encoding. The LTM has a capacity and duration of unlimited so information is in there forever. info it output by transferring from LTM to STM - 19Critically evaluate the multi store modelThe multi store model over emphasises the role of rehearsal. Sometimes you don't have to rehearse for it to stay in your memory. If something is meaningful then you are more likely to enjoy it e.g, a happy or traumatic event
The theory over simplifies the STM and the LTM. The STM is not just a passive store like the theory suggests and some argue that the LTM has different sections for different information and is more organised than the theory suggests.
The theory ignores individual differences. It says that the short term memory only holds 5-9 chunks but some people can remember more than that, e.g. derren brown, or less. - 20What was the aim of Wilson et al?To document the neuropsychological activity of CW, a man with both retrograde and anterograde amnesia after a virus, encephalitis
- 21What was the procedure for Wilson et al?A longitudinal case study was carried out on 1 man, Clive Wearing (CW), who suffered from memory problems after suffering from the virus encephalitis. Initially, it seemed like CW had loss of episodic memory and some loss of semantic memory but could still talk, write, read and conduct music. Neurological assessments were carried out in November 1985, which indicated that he had a decreased IQ and an impaired LTM. i It was repeated in June 1991, where t was found he had defects in the hippocampus and the amygdala. It was compared to an MRI in 2006 due to new technology but there wasn't any change. CW was monitored over 21 years and he also didn't believe that he had both amnesias, he thought that he was unconscious before the virus
- 22What were the results of Wilson et al?CW suffered from brain abnormalities, both retrograde and anterograde amnesia and can't transfer information from short term memory to long term memory. He had decreased performance and verbal IQ, loss of episodic memory and some loss of semantic memory. Authors feel like Clive believing that he was unconscious was a coping mechanism and that he didn't want to face what had happened to him
- 23What was the conclusion of Wilson et al?Brain damage in the hippocampal and limbic regions affects social and cognitive interactions and result in both retrograde and anterograde amnesia. Encephalitis leads to severe brain abnormalities
- 24Critically evaluate Wilson et alThe sample is too small so it's hard to generalise results. Just because brain damage to the hippocampal and limbic regions caused retrograde and anterograde amnesia for Clive Wearing, it doesn't mean it will for everyone else
Case Studies are too thorough and involving so sometimes researchers are no longer objective. Clive's researcher will have become too involved with him and will have biased views on the situation e.g. Clive may have been delusional when saying that he was unconscious but Wilson used it as a justification as she had time to sympathise with his condition
Case studies are unreliable. The study can't be replicated as there aren't enough people who have suffered from both anterograde and retrograde amnesia - 25Describe the reconstructive theoryBartlett argues that the memory isn't like a tape recorder and we don't remember events exactly how they happened. A schema is an organised package of information that contains our knowledge of the world. We use schemas to interpret new information and relate it to our own lives. e.g. recalling broken glass at a car crash because you would expect it to be there. Another feature of the theory is confabulation. This is where we fill in the gaps of our memory with false information or information that didn't happen to us and is known as honest lying. Bartlett conducted the war of the ghosts study where his students had to recall parts of an old canadian indian story and it was found that his students would confabulate as the story didn't relate to them e.g. seal hunting became fishing. Another part of the theory is misinformation. This is where information given after the event changes our recall, and this was proved in Loftus' reconstruction of automobile destruction. Finally, leading questions are ones that point you in the direction of an answer e.g. dogs are better than cats, right?
- 26Critically evaluate the reconstructive theory of memoryResearch into the theory could have been open to demand characteristics. Bartlett's participants may have guessed the aim and changed their version of the story, possibly because he didn't used standardised techniques in his research and used his own students e.g. how confabulation works
- 27What was the aim of Braun et al?To see if autobiographical advertising will adapt participants' childhood memories
- 28What was the procedure of braun et al?107 USA psychology students took part in a Laboratory experiment with independent measures where they rated 20 events on a scale of 1-100 on a questionnaire as to whether they thought it happened. The questionnaire was about shaking hands with different characters. On week 2, ptps were divided into a disney group and a control group. The disney group were given a disney advert and the control group were given a non-disney advert and participants were asked to rate how they felt and how favourable and involving the ad was. They then had to complete the first questionnaire again as researchers said they had trouble coding the information In a second experiment, participants were given an Ariel ad, a Bugs Bunny ad and a 3rd informative ad. 2 of these ads would be impossible
- 29What were the results of Braun et al?30 out of 46 participants recalled events from disney world compared to 34, who made up events. Results for the questionnaire went up significantly in the disney group by 90% compared to 47% in the control group
- 30What is the conclusion of Braun et al?autobiographical advertising can affect the childhood memories of participants and make them recall events in the advert. It distorts people's memory until memories are false
- 31Critically evaluate Braun et alThe study was a lab experiment so lacked ecological validity. In the study, participants paid way more attention to the the adverts than they would in real life, so results aren't representative of real life
The sample is unrepresentative. There is an age bias as all the students are university students so we don't know how autobiographical advertising will affect younger or older people. Therefore, we can't generalise to the target population
Independent groups design was used so participant variables aren't taken into account. Some people may have better memories than other e.g. one participant may be able to remember events really clearly whereas another may have forgotten - 32How can cues be used to advertise a product?Cues can help trigger information about the product. If you advertise the product as something happy, the consumer will remember the product and make an association between the product and happiness, making them want to buy it
- 33How can a product be advertised with repetition?If you keep repeating information in an advert, it will be maintenance rehearsed and then goes into the long term memory. This way, when the customer is shopping they will remember the product and want to buy it
- 34How can a product be advertised by not overloading?Companies should keep adverts short and snappy and summarise the product. This means that information will stay in the memory and won't be removed through displacement
- 35How can a product be advertised through autobiographical advertising?Using images and sounds from an audience's past can make that age range want to buy the product as it triggers fond memories from their past. This way the consumer feels as though they have an emotional connection to the product, and makes them feel nostalgic
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- GCSE Psychology (Paper 2) Karteikarten am memory, erstellt von Emily Mawson am 02/06/2019.
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- Emily Mawson
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