Karteikarten
CH 7 Learning
Karten in diesem Stapel (46)
- 1Learningthe process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors
- 2associative learninglearning that certain events occur together; The events may be two stimuli (as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning).
- 3Stimulusany event or situation that evokes a response
- 4respondent behaviorbehavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus
- 5operant behaviorbehavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences
- 6cognitive learningthe gaining of mental info, whether by observing events, by watching others, or through language
- 7classical conditioninga type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events
- 8Behaviorismthe view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes.
- 9neutral stimulus (NS)in classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning
- 10unconditioned response (UR)in classical conditioning, an unlearned, naturally occurring response (such as salivation) to an unconditioned stimulus (US) (such as food in the mouth)
- 11conditioned response (CR)in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral/irrelevant (but now conditioned) stimulus (CS)
- 12conditioned stimulus (CS)in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (US), comes to trigger a conditioned response.
- 13aquisitionIn classical conditioning, the initial stage, when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the conditioned response; In operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response.
- 14higher-order conditioninga procedure in which the conditioned stimulus in one conditioning experience is paired with a new neutral stimulus, creating a second (often weaker) conditioned stimulus. ex. an animal that has learned that a tone predicts food might then learn that a light predicts the tone and begin responding to the light alone. (Also called second-order conditioning.)
- 15Extinctionthe diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced.
- 16spontaneous recoverythe reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response
- 17Generalizationthe tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses
- 18Discriminationin classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus
- 19operant conditioninga type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher
- 20law of effectThorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
- 21operant chamberin operant conditioning research, a chamber (AKA Skinner box) containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a food or water reinforcer; attached devices record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking.
- 22Reinforcementin operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows
- 23shapingan operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior
- 24positive reinforcementncreasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforcers. A positive reinforcer is any stimulus that, when presented after a response, strengthens the response.
- 25unconditioned stimulus (US)in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally (naturally and automatically) triggers a response.
- 26negative reinforcementincreasing behaviors by stopping or reducing aversive stimuli. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response. (Note: Negative reinforcement is not punishment.)
- 27primary reinforceran innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need
- 28conditioned reinforcera stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; AKA secondary reinforcer
- 29Reinforcement schedulea pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced
- 30continuous reinforcement schedulereinforcing the desired response every time it occurs
- 31partial (intermittent) reinforcement schedulereinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement
- 32fixed-ratio schedulein operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses
- 33variable-ratio schedulein operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses
- 34fixed-interval schedulein operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed
- 35variable-interval schedulein operant conditioning, a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals
- 36punishmentan event that tends to decrease the behavior that it follows
- 37Preparednessa biological predisposition to learn associations, such as between taste and nausea, that have survival value
- 38instinctive driftthe tendency of learned behavior to gradually revert to biologically predisposed patterns
- 39cognitive mapa mental representation of the layout of one's environment. ex., after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it.
- 40latent learninglearning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it
- 41intrinsic motivationa desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake
- 42extrensic motivationa desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment
- 43observational learninglearning by observing others
- 44Modelingthe process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
- 45mirror neuronsfrontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so; brain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation and empathy
- 46prosocial behaviorpositive, constructive, helpful behavior; The opposite of antisocial behavior
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- Psychology Karteikarten am CH 7 Learning, erstellt von Jessica Foley am 15/11/2021.
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- Jessica Foley
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