Karteikarten
Memory
Karten in diesem Stapel (28)
- 1Multi-store model of memoryProposed by Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968)
- 2Sensory MemoryDuration: 1/2 second
Capacity: v. large (all senses)
Encoding: sense specific
If the information is paid attention to it can move to the short term memory - 3Short Term MemoryDuration: up to 30 seconds
Capacity: 7 +/- 2 items
Encoding: mainly acoustic
Information is lost through displacement or decay - 4Maintenance RehearsalVerbally or mentally repeating information which allows the duration of the short term memory to be extended above 30 seconds
- 5Long Term MemoryDuration: Unlimited
Capacity: Unlimited
Encoding: mainly semantic - 6KEY STUDY (Glanzer)Participants presented with a list of words.
Found that ppts tend to remember the first few and the last few words and forget those in the middle.
Supports the idea of separate STM and LTM (primacy and recency effect)
Words early in the list went into LTM since more time to rehearse (primacy)
Words at the end went into STM (recency) - 7AdvantagesResearch support for the existence of STM and LTM being separate systems- case study patient KF damaged his STM after a motorcycle accident but not his LTM
- 8DisadvantageSome of the research has low ecological validity as the stimuli ppts were asked to remember are not similar to those in real life. E.G. Peterson & Peterson used nonsense trigrams
- 9DisadvantageThe model is over-simplified as evidence shows there is multiple STM and LTM stores
- 10Working Memory ModelAims to explain STM as working memory rather than a single, unitary store
- 11Components of WMM• Central Executive
• Visuo-spatial Sketchpad
• Phonological Loop
• Episodic Buffer (added in 2000) - 12Central ExecutiveMonitors and coordinates the operation of the slave systems
Allocates tasks to the slave systems - 13The Phonological LoopDeals with spoken and written material
Consists of two parts - 141. Phonological StoreActs as inner ear and holds info in speech based form for 1-2 seconds
Spoken words enter directly. Written words must be converted into an articulatory code - 152. Articulatory Control ProcessLinked to speech production
Acts like a inner voice rehearsing info from the phonological store - 16Visuo-spatial SketchpadInner eye
Deals with visual and spatial information - 17Episodic BufferAdded in 2000 after the original model failed to explain the results of various experiments
Acts as a back-up store that communicates with LTM and components of WM - 18Key Study (Baddeley & Hitch)A: If ppts can use different components of WM at the same time
P: Ppts perform 2 tasks at the same time - digit span test & verbal reasoning task
F: Number of digits increase= longer to answer verbal reasoning
C: Verbal reasoning made use of central executive and digit span made use of phonological loop - 19AdvantageKF Case Study
KF sustained brain damage after a motorcycle accident which affected his STM.
Impairment was mainly for verbal information- his memory for visual information was unaffected
Shows separate STM components for visual info ( VSS) and verbal info (phonological loop) - 20AdvantageSupported by Baddeley & Hitch dual task studies
- 21DisadvantageLieberman criticises the WM as the VSS suggests that all spatial information was visual first
However, Lieberman points out that blind people have excellent spatial awareness, although they have never had visual info.
He suggests that VSS should be split into two different components - 22Cognitive Interview• Used to increase the accuracy of eye-witness testimonies
• Is a questioning technique to enhance retrieval of info about a crime scene
• Developed by Geiselman et al
• Has 4 stages to stimulate as many cues as possible - 231. Mental ReinstatementInterviewer tries to mentally reinstate the environmental and person context of the crime for the witness by asking about general activities and feelings on the day
Witnesses asked to use all 5 senses - 242. Recall events in reverse orderGeiselman and Fisher suggested that due to the recency effect, people tend to recall more recent events more clearly. Encouraged to work from the end to the beginning
- 253. Report everything they can rememberReport everything even if they think it is trivial. Unimportant details may act as a trigger for key information
- 264. Describe events from someone else's perspectiveReport incident from different perspective describing what they think other witnesses may have seen
- 27AdvantageFisher trained detectives from the Miami Police Department to use the CI
Interviews with witnesses and victims were recorded and the number of statements scored
A second eyewitness was asked to say whether these were true or false
Compared to the standard procedure, the CI produced 46% increase in recall and 90% accuracy showing the CI is more effective - 28DisadvantageIt is time consuming and takes longer than the standard procedure.
Kebbell et al. found that many police officers did not use the CI for less serious crimes since they did not have time
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- Beschreibung
- A level Psychology Karteikarten am Memory, erstellt von Safiyyah Omar am 22/04/2022.
- Erstellt von
- Safiyyah Omar · Apr 2022
- Aktualisiert
- 26 Apr 2022
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- 2
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