Karteikarten
PSY - 160 Chapter 5
Karten in diesem Stapel (50)
- 1What is learninga systematic, relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience
- 2What is behaviorismA theory of learning that focuses solely on observable behavior
- 3What is associative learningWhen an organism makes a connection or an association between two events
- 4What is the process of learning associationsIt is known as conditioning
- 5What is observational learningLearning through observing and imitating another's behavior
- 6What is classical conditioningA learning process in which neutral stimuli becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimuli and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response
- 7What is the unconditioned stimulus (US)A stimuli that produces a response without prior learning
- 8What is a unconditioned responseAn unlearned reaction that is automatically elicited by the unconditioned stimulus
- 9What is the condition stimulusa previously neutral stimulus that eventually elicits a conditioned response after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus
- 10What is acquisitionthe initial learning of the connection between the unconditioned stimulus and the conditioned stimulus when the two stimuli are paired
- 11what is contiguitythe CS and US are presented very close together in time
- 12what is contingencythe CS also serve s as a reliable indicator that the US is on its way
- 13what is generalizationthe tendency of a new stimulus that is similar to the original CS to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response
- 14What is discriminationthe process of learning to respond to certain stimuli and not others
- 15What is extinctionthe weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent
- 16what is spontaneous recoverythe process by which a conditioned response can recur after a time delay without further conditioning
- 17what is CounterconditioningA classical conditioning procedure for changing the relationship between a condition stimulus and its conditioned response
- 18What is aversive conditioninga form of treatment that consists of repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus
- 19What is the placebo effectThe effect of a substance used as a control to exempt to identify the actual effects of the treatment
- 20What is taste aversionA special kind of classical conditioning involving the learned association between a particular taste and nausea
- 21What is habituationdecrease responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentation
- 22What is operant conditioninga form of associative learning in which the consequences of the behavior change the probability of its occurrence
- 23What is another name for operate conditioningInstrumental conditioning
- 24What is the law of effectbehaviors followed by positive outcomes are strengthened and behaviors followed by negative outcomes are weakened
- 25What is shapingrewarding behavior that is similar to the desired behavior
- 26What is reinforcementthe process by which a stimulus or event following a particular behavior increases the probability of the behavior occurring again
- 27What is positive reinforcementthe presentation of a stimulus after a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior
- 28What is negative reinforcementthe removal of the stimulus following a given behavior in order to increase the frequency of that behavior
- 29What is avoidance learningand organisms learning that it can avoid a negative stimulus by making a particular response
- 30What is learned helplessnessthrough experience with unavoidable aversive stimuli in organism learns that it has no control over negative outcomes
- 31What is the primary reinforcerSomething that is innately satisfying that doesn't take any learning on the organisms part to make it pleasurable
- 32What is the secondary reinforcersomething that acquires is positive value through an organism's experience it's a learned or conditioned reinforcer
- 33What are schedules of reinforcementspecific patterns that develop when a behavior will be reinforced
- 34What is a ratio schedulea schedule that relies on the number of behaviors that must be performed prior to the reward
- 35What is an interval schedulea schedule based on the amount of time that must pass before a behavior is rewarded
- 36What is a fixed schedulethe number of behaviors or the amount of time is always the same
- 37What is a variable schedulethe required number of behaviors or the amount of time that must pass changes and is unpredictable from the perspective of the learner
- 38What is punishmenta consequence that decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur
- 39What is positive punishmentthe presentation of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior
- 40What is negative punishmentThe removal of a stimulus following a given behavior to decrease the frequency of that behavior
- 41what is delay of gratificationputting off the pleasure of an immediate reward to gain a larger later reward
- 42what is applied behavior analysis aka behavior modificationThe use of an operating conditioning principle to change human behavior
- 43What is observational learninglearning that occurs when a person observes and imitates behavior
- 44What are the four processes of observational learningattention, retention, motor reproduction, and reinforcement
- 45What is latent learning or implicit learningunreinforced learning that is not immediately reflected in behavior
- 46What is insight learningA former problem solving in which the organism develops a sudden insight into or understanding of a problem solution
- 47what is preparednessthe species specific biological predisposition to learn in some ways but not in others
- 48what is instinctive driftthe tendency of animals to revert to instinctive behavior that interferes with learning
- 49what is the idea behind learning stylesthe idea that some people differ in terms of the method of instruction that will help them learn
- 50What are the three learning stylesvisual, oral, kinesthetic
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- Psychology Karteikarten am PSY - 160 Chapter 5, erstellt von jh - study am 10/04/2025.
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