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- 1What is a attachment?2 way emotional bond between 2 people
- 2What is reciprocity?turn - taking
mothers respond to baby
each action responds to action by other - 3what is interactional synchrony?care giver and infant interact simultaneously
coordinated
isabella - relates to quality of attachment - 4what a strength of research into caregiver interaction?filmed observations in natural homes
baby not aware of study so act as they normally would - 5whats a weakness of observing babies?hard to know meanings of small movements, can be random and unpredictable
- 6what was Shaffer and emersons research?formed stages of attachment
mothers reported on glsaglow, working class 60 babies - 7what were the 4 stages of attachment?Asocial - same to humans and objects
indiscriminate - prefer people
specific - form primary attachment figure
multiple - form secondary attachments - 8what a strength of shaffer and emersons research?good external validity
mothers did reports
not influenced by other people
natural setting - 9how does stages of attachment have real world application?how day care should start in asocial or indiscriminate stage as not sepcific BUT not in specific stage as problematic
- 10whats a weakness of shaffer and emersons researchgathered in 1960s glasgow
hard to generalise
plus different stages in different cultures? - 11what did shaffer and emerson find about role of the fathermost babies do attach to father, 75% by 18m but only 3% have father as first attachment
- 12what did Grossman find about role of the fatherfathers do have a role of play and stimulation, different to nuturing mother
- 13what did Tiffany Field find about role of the fatherFathers have potential to be the primary caregiver, just a responsive as mothers
- 14what the biggest issue about role of the father?conflicting research question
too broad, researchers looked into different areas
no answer was given - 15how does role of the father have real world applications?families ca be advised about role
useful to prevent anxiety for lesbian couples or single parents - 16what does attachment become through association with hunger?secondary drive
- 17what does the learning theroy say explains attachmentclassical and operant conditioning
- 18explain classical conditioning involving attachmentsneutral caregiver associated with uncoditioned food
so caregiver becomes conditioned - 19how does operant conditioning explain attachments?crying
mother responds to avoid unpleasant crying - neg reinforce
baby cries to receive comfort - pos reinforce - 20what critisizes learning theory?Harlows monkeys
showed food is not key but comfort - 21explain Lorenzs studythe geese saw him, attached to first living thing - imprinting
sexual imprinting - mate with that species - 22explain Harlows researchmonkeys clung to cloth mover over wire with milk
'contact comfort' - 23what the main issue with animal studies?hard to generalise to much more complex humans
caused distress to animals - unethical - 24how does animal studies offer real world value?professionals promote bonding
applicable in zoos and breeding systems - 25what did bowlby suggest monotropy is?one attachment figure best quality
primary - 26what are social releasers?innate behaviours by babies elicit care
behavioural and physical
crying, smiling - 27what is the critical period?first 1 -2 years of a infant life
form attachment to avoid consequences in development - 28whats is bowlbys internal working modelprimary attachments are a template for future relationships
- 29what was Aimsworth strange situation? what did it test?controlled observation
assess proximity seeking, secure base, reunion, stranger and seperation anxiety - 30what is a secure attachmentgreet on reunion, moderate anxiety, seek secure base
- 31what is insecure - resistant attachmentresistant on reunion, distressed, high anxiety
- 32what is insecure - avoidant attachmentavoids reunion, not bothered, no distress or anxiety
- 33what the big issue with aimsworth strange situationdone in USA
culturally biased
others have different experiences that shape attachments - 34describe van IJzerdoorn and Kroonenbergs researchcultural variations in attachments
conducted SS in 8 countries
secure most common in all
China, Japan high resistant
Germany high avoidant
variation within countries, parenting styles - 35describe other studies of cultural variationsAlessandra italy - high avoidant
mothers work longer, day care
Kyoung Jin Korea - child rearing styles
similar japan, high resistant - 36what did research into cultural variations show?secure is norm
but cultural practices do have influence on attachment type as proven - 37whats a issue with research into cultures?confounding variables not controlled
differences in environment where studies and personalities from country to country - 38one strength of cultrual researchuses indigenous researchers
from same culture of study
so understand people and practices well
makes it valid
however are they then biased? - 39what did Bowlby suggest were the effects of maternal deprivation?deprived in critical period, causes long term effects
effects intellectual development - low IQ
lack of emotional = affectionless psychopaths, no empathy - 40what was Bowlby's maternal deprivation study?12/14 thieves that were affectionless psychopaths did experience maternal deprivation
- 41what contradicts Bowlby's maternal deprivation theorythe Czech twins case
experienced maternal deprivation but did recover long term
is it a sensitive period nit a critical period? - 42list somes issues of bowlbys maternal deprivation studysocially sensitive
pressure on mother
correlation does not equal causation
did affectionless cause deprivation?
does after WW2 - confounding variables - 43whats a strength of maternal deprivation?practical uses, real world application
allows parents to stay with child in hospital, ensures institutions are done better ectera - 44what was rutters research into institutionalisationshowed that 165 Romanian orphans that were adopted in Uk showed low IQ and disinhibited attachment
longer in orphanage before adoption = more effect on iq - 45what was Zeanahs research into institutionalisationorphan group 19% secure
44% disinhib
control 74% secure
20% disinhib - 46what were effects of institutionalisationintelectual development reduced - low IQ
disinhibited attachment type - 47what is a disinhibited attachment typeclingy, attention seeking behaviour
result of romanian orphanages - 48how does institutionalisation have real world application?the findings have lead to improvements in care within romanian orphanages and adoption care
- 49whats aproblem with institutionalisation research?dont know long term effects as lack of data onto the orphans after enter adulthood
- 50whats a benefit of research into institutionalisationless confounding variables
most had good childhood before war took parents and put them in orphanages
so all have same experiences before adoption - 51what is the influence of attachment on childhood relationships?securely attached have better friendships, unlikely to be involved in bullying
avoidant victims
resistant bullies - 52what is the influence of attachment on adult relationshipssecure better friends and longer relationships, pass on to children
attachments a template for later relationships
reflect parenting on to children same as received from own parents - 53list 2 problems with influence of early attachments on laterself report techniques biased and assume attachment type dies not change
association between families may be result of genes not the environment - 54what did Brazelton say about reciprocity?like a dance
partners respond to each other - 55what was research on interactional synchrony?filmed observation
adult displayed 1 of 3 facial expressions
baby more likely to mirror it than chance would allow - 56what did Isabella say about synchronyhigh levels of IS
is associated with better quality attachments - 57what is law of continuitymore consistent and predictable care result in better attachments
- 58the law of accumulated seperationeffects of mothers seperation adds up and has a effect
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- A level Psychology Karteikarten am Attachments, erstellt von Isabelle Carroll am 16/04/2025.
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- Isabelle Carroll
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