Karteikarten
Unit 4: Terms and Concepts
Karten in diesem Stapel (88)
- 1A-delta fibresThe thick, myelinated, fast neural pathway that registers localized pain and relays it to the cortex in a fraction of a second.
- 2Absolute thresholdThe minimum amount of stimulation that an organism can detect for a specific type of sensory input.
- 3AccommodationChanging existing mental structures to explain new experiences.
- 4Additive colour mixingFormation of colours by superimposing lights, putting more light into the mixture than exists in any one light by itself.
- 5AfterimageA visual image that persists after a stimulus is removed.
- 6Auditory localizationLocating the source of sound in space.
- 7Basilar membraneA structure that runs the length of the cochlea in the inner ear and holds the auditory receptors, called hair cells.
- 8Binocular depth cuesClues about distance based on the differing views of the two eyes.
- 9Blind spotThe part of a visual image that is missing when it image falls on the optic disk.
- 10Bottom-up processingIn form perception, progression from individual elements to the whole.
- 11C fibresThe thin, unmyelinated, slow neural pathway that lags a second or two, in which carries information such as temperature, and conveys the longer-lasting, aching or burning pain that follows an injury.
- 12CochleaThe fluid-filled, coiled tunnel in the inner ear that contains the receptors for hearing.
- 13Colour blindnessDeficiency in the ability to distinguish among colours.
- 14ComparitorsPeople, objects, events, and other standards that are used as a baseline for comparisons in making judgments.
- 15Complementary coloursPairs of colours that produce grey tones when added together.
- 16Complex cellsA feature detector that responds to a line of proper width and orientation, and they respond to any position in their receptive fields.
- 17ConesSpecialized visual receptors that play a key
role in daylight vision and colour vision. - 18ConvergenceA cue to depth that involves sensing
the eyes converging toward each other as they focus on closer objects. - 19CorneaThe transparent opening at the front of the eye that light enters through.
- 20Dark adaptationThe process in which the eyes become more sensitive to light in low illumination.
- 21Depth perceptionInterpretation of visual cues that indicate how near or far away objects are.
- 22DichromatsPeople that make do with only two colour channels.
- 23Distal stimuliStimuli that lie in the distance (that is, in the world outside the body).
- 24Door-in-the-face techniqueMaking a large request that is likely to be turned down as a way to increase the chances that people will agree to a smaller request later.
- 25FarsightednessA vision deficiency in which distant objects are seen clearly but close objects appear blurry.
- 26Feature analysisThe process of detecting specific elements in visual input and assembling them into a more complex form.
- 27Feature detectorsNeurons that respond selectively to very specific features of more complex stimuli.
- 28Fechner’s lawA psychophysical law stating that larger and larger increases in stimulus intensity are required to produce perceptible increments in the magnitude of sensation.
- 29FoveaA tiny spot in the centre of the retina that contains only cones; visual acuity is greatest at this spot.
- 30Frequency theoryThe theory that perception of pitch corresponds to the rate, or frequency, at which the entire basilar membrane vibrates.
- 31Gate-control theoryThe idea that incoming pain sensations must pass through a “gate” in the spinal cord that can be closed, thus blocking pain signals.
- 32Gustatory systemThe sensory system for taste.
- 33Hair cellsAuditory receptors.
- 34Impossible figuresObjects that can be represented in two-dimensional pictures but cannot exist in three-dimensional space.
- 35Inattentional blindnessThe failure to see fully visible objects or events in a visual display.
- 36Just noticeable difference (JND)The smallest difference in the amount of stimulation that a specific sense can detect.
- 37Kinesthetic systemThe sensory system that monitors the positions of the various parts of one’s body.
- 38Lateral antagonismA process in the retina that occurs when neural activity in a cell opposes activity in surrounding cells.
- 39LensThe transparent eye structure that focuses the light rays falling on the retina.
- 40Light adaptationThe process whereby the eyes become less sensitive to light in high illumination.
- 41Monocular depth cuesClues about distance based on the image from either eye alone.
- 42Motion parallaxCue to depth that involves images of objects at different distances moving across the retina at different rates.
- 43NearsightednessA vision deficiency in which close objects are seen clearly but distant objects appear blurry.
- 44Olfactory systemThe sensory system for smell.
- 45Opponent process theoryThe theory that colour perception depends on receptors that make antagonistic responses to three pairs of colours.
- 46Optic chiasmThe point at which the optic nerves from the inside half of each eye cross over and then project to the opposite half of the brain.
- 47Optic diskA hole in the retina where the optic nerve fibres exit the eye.
- 48Optical illusionAn apparently inexplicable discrepancy between the appearance of a visual stimulus and its physical reality.
- 49Parallel processingSimultaneously extracting different kinds of information from the same input.
- 50PerceptionThe selection, organization, and interpretation of sensory input.
- 51Perceptual constancyA tendency to experience a stable perception in the face of continually changing sensory input.
- 52Perceptual hypothesisAn inference about which distal stimuli could be responsible for the proximal stimuli sensed.
- 53Perceptual setA readiness to perceive a stimulus in a particular way.
- 54PheromonesChemical messages, typically imperceptible, that can be sent by one organism and received by another member of the same species.
- 55Phi phenomenonThe illusion of movement created by presenting visual stimuli in rapid succession.
- 56Pictorial depth cuesClues about distance that can be given in a flat picture.
- 57Place theoryThe idea that perception of pitch
corresponds to the vibration of different portions, or places, along the basilar membrane. - 58ProsopagnosiaInability to recognize familiar faces.
- 59Proximal stimuliThe stimulus energies that impinge directly on sensory receptors.
- 60PsychophysicsThe study of how physical stimuli are translated into psychological experience.
- 61PupilThe opening in the centre of the iris that helps regulate the amount of light passing into the rear chamber of the eye.
- 62Receptive field of a visual cellThe retinal area that, when stimulated, affects the firing of that cell.
- 63RetinaThe neural tissue lining the inside back
surface of the eye; it absorbs light, processes images, and sends visual information to the brain. - 64Retinal disparityA cue to depth based on the fact that objects project images to slightly different locations on the right and left retinas, so the right and left eyes see slightly different views of the object.
- 65Reversible figureA drawing that is compatible with two different interpretations that can shift back and forth.
- 66RodsSpecialized visual receptors that play a key role in night vision and peripheral vision.
- 67SaccadesEye movements made when your eyes are
scanning the visual environment and making brief fixations at various parts of the stimuli. - 68SensationThe stimulation of sense organs.
- 69Sensory adaptationA gradual decline in sensitivity to prolonged stimulation.
- 70Signal-detection theoryA psychophysiological theory proposing that the detection of stimuli involves decision processes as well as sensory processes, which are influenced by a variety of factors besides the physical intensity of a stimulus.
- 71Simple cellsA feature detector that responds best to a line of correct width, oriented at the correct angle, and located in the correct position in it’s receptive field.
- 72Subjective contoursThe perception of contours where none actually exist.
- 73Subliminal perceptionThe registration of sensory input without conscious awareness.
- 74Subtractive colour mixingFormation of colours by removing some wavelengths of light, leaving less light than was originally there.
- 75ThresholdA dividing point between energy levels that do and do not have a detectable effect.
- 76Top-down processingIn form perception, a progression from the whole to the elements.
- 77Trichromatic theory of colour visionThe theory of colour vision holding that the human eye has three types of receptors with differing sensitivities to different wavelengths.
- 78Vestibular systemThe sensory system that responds to gravity and keeps people informed of their body’s location in space.
- 79Visual agnosiaAn inability to recognize objects.
- 80Weber’s lawThe theory stating that the size of a just noticeable difference is a constant proportion of the size of the initial stimulus.
- 81Linda Bartoshukv
- 82Linda Buck and Richard Axelx
- 83Gustav Fechnerv
- 84Mel Goodalev
- 85David Hubel and Torsten Wieselv
- 86Ronald Melzack and Patrick Wallv
- 87Hermann von Helmholtzv
- 88Max Wertheimev
Informationen
- Beschreibung
- Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception
- Erstellt von
- Patrick Schorno
- Aufrufe
- 6
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